Sri Lanka Facts and History

With the recent end of the Tamil Tiger insurgency, the island nation of Sri Lanka seems poised to take its place as a new economic powerhouse in South Asia. After all, Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon) has been a key trading hub of the Indian Ocean world for more than a thousand years. Capital and Major Cities Administrative Capital: Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, metro population 2,234,289 Commercial Capital: Colombo, metro population 5,648,000 Major Cities: Kandy population 125,400Galle population 99,000Jaffna population 88,000 Government The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka has a republican form of government, with a president who is both head of government and head of state. Universal suffrage starts at age 18. The current president is Maithripala Sirisena; presidents serve six-year terms. Sri Lanka has a unicameral legislature. There are 225 seats in Parliament, and members are elected by popular vote to six-year terms.  The Prime Minister is Ranil Wickremesinghe. The president appoints judges to both the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. There are also subordinate courts in each of the countrys nine provinces. People Sri Lankas total population is approximately 20.2 million as of the 2012 census. Nearly three-quarters, 74.9%, are ethnic Sinhalese. Sri Lankan Tamils, whose ancestors came to the island from southern India centuries ago, make up about 11% of the population, while more recent Indian Tamil immigrants, brought in as agricultural labor by the British colonial government, represent 5%. Another 9% of Sri Lankans are the Malays and Moors, descendants of Arab and Southeast Asian traders who plied the Indian Ocean monsoon winds for more than a thousand years. There are also tiny numbers of Dutch and British settlers, and aboriginal Veddahs, whose ancestors arrived at least 18,000 years ago. Languages The official language of Sri Lanka is Sinhala. Both Sinhala and Tamil are considered national languages; only about 18% of the population speaks Tamil as a mother tongue, however. Other minority languages are spoken by about 8% of Sri Lankans. In addition, English is a common language of trade, and approximately 10% of the population are conversant in English as a foreign language. Religion Sri Lanka has a complex religious landscape. Almost 70% of the population are Theravada Buddhists (mainly the ethnic Sinhalese), while most Tamils are Hindu, representing 15% of Sri Lankans. Another 7.6% are Muslims, particularly the Malay and Moor communities, belonging primarily to the Shafii school within Sunni Islam. Finally, about 6.2% of Sri Lankans are Christians; of those, 88% are Catholic and 12% are Protestant. Geography Sri Lanka is a teardrop-shaped island in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. It has an area of 65,610 square kilometers (25,332 square miles), and is mostly flat or rolling plains. However, the highest point in Sri Lanka is Pidurutalagala, at an impressive 2,524 meters (8,281 feet) in altitude. The lowest point is sea level. Sri Lanka sits at the middle of a tectonic plate, so it does not experience volcanic activity or earthquakes. However, it was heavily impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, which killed more than 31,000 people in this mostly low-lying island nation. Climate Sri Lanka has a maritime tropical climate, meaning that it is warm and humid throughout the year. Average temperatures ranges from 16 °C (60.8 °F) in the central highlands to 32 °C (89.6 °F) along the northeast coast. High temperatures in Trincomalee, in the northeast, can top 38 °C (100 °F). The entire island generally has humidity levels between 60 and 90% year-round, with the higher levels during the two long monsoonal rainy seasons (May to October and December to March). Economy Sri Lanka has one of the strongest economies in South Asia, with a GDP of $234 billion US (2015 estimate), a per capita GDP of $11,069, and a 7.4% annual growth rate. It receives substantial remittances from Sri Lankan overseas workers, mostly in the Middle East; in 2012, Sri Lankans abroad sent home about $6 billion US. Major industries in Sri Lanka include tourism; rubber, tea, coconut and tobacco plantations; telecommunications, banking and other services; and textile manufacturing. The unemployment rate and percentage of the population living in poverty are both an enviable 4.3%. The islands currency is called the Sri Lankan rupee. As of May, 2016, the exchange rate was $1 US 145.79 LKR. History The island of Sri Lanka appears to have been inhabited since at least 34,000 years before the present. Archaeological evidence suggests that agriculture began as early as 15,000 BCE, perhaps reaching the island along with the ancestors of the aboriginal Veddah people. Sinhalese immigrants from northern India likely reached Sri Lanka around the 6th century BCE. They may have established one of the earliest great trade emporiums on earth; Sri Lankan cinnamon appears in Egyptian tombs from 1,500 BCE. By about 250 BCE, Buddhism had reached Sri Lanka, brought by Mahinda, the son of Ashoka the Great of the Mauryan Empire. The Sinhalese remained Buddhist even after most mainland Indians had converted to Hinduism. Classical Sinhalese civilization relied on complicated irrigation systems for intensive agriculture; it grew and prospered from 200 BCE to about 1200 CE. Trade flourished between China, Southeast Asia, and Arabia by the first few centuries of the common era. Sri Lanka was a key stopping point on the southern, or sea-bound, branch of the Silk Road. Ships stopped there not only to restock on food, water and fuel, but also to buy cinnamon and other spices. The ancient Romans called Sri Lanka Taprobane, while Arab sailors knew it as Serendip. In 1212, ethnic Tamil invaders from the Chola Kingdom in southern India drove the Sinhalese south. The Tamils brought Hinduism with them. In 1505, a new kind of invader appeared on Sri Lankas shores. Portuguese traders wanted to control the sea-lanes between the spice islands of southern Asia; they also brought missionaries, who converted a small number of Sri Lankans to Catholicism. The Dutch, who expelled the Portuguese in 1658, left an even stronger mark on the island. The legal system of the Netherlands forms the basis for much of modern Sri Lankan law. In 1815, a final European power appeared to take control of Sri Lanka. The British, already holding the mainland of India under their colonial sway, created the Crown Colony of Ceylon. UK troops defeated the last native Sri Lankan ruler, the King of Kandy, and began to govern Ceylon as an agricultural colony that grew rubber, tea, and coconuts. After more than a century of colonial rule, in 1931, the British granted Ceylon limited autonomy. During World War II, however, Britain used Sri Lanka as a forward post against the Japanese in Asia, much to the irritation of Sri Lankan nationalists. The island nation became fully independent on February 4, 1948, several months after the Partition of India and the creation of independent India and Pakistan in 1947. In 1971, tensions between the Sinhalese and Tamil citizens of Sri Lanka bubbled over into armed conflict. Despite attempts at a political solution, the country erupted into the Sri Lankan Civil War in July of 1983; the war would continue until 2009, when government troops defeated the last of the Tamil Tiger insurgents.

Confederate Flag And Confederate Monuments - 1692 Words

Before August 12, 2017 many Americans neither cared about nor thought about Confederate flags or monuments in their daily lives. On that day in Charlottesville, Va. was â€Å"†¦ one of the bloodiest fights to date over the removal of Confederate monuments across the South.† (Stolberg) This tragic event brought light to a movement that was able to fly under the national radar until that fateful day in August, the removal of the Confederate flag and monuments. This paper will demonstrate the need to move the Confederate flag and Confederate monuments to museums where they can be displayed in the context of history instead of in the public square where they glorify traitors and insurrectionists as heroes. This will be done by providing a brief†¦show more content†¦The centrality of slavery as a cause of the Civil War was written out of the collective memory of the war. The process by which that happened is significant—and important. It happened through a conc erted effort to first forget the causes of the war, then to focus on the war as an effort to protect the homeland.† (Brophy) It took less than 30 years for the truth of why the war began to be undermined, in other words it took less than one generation to change the course of peace and equality our nation was headed down, to a radically divisive path that left an entire race of people marginalized, pushed to the sidelines of civil society, and locked out of the bastions of power. Brophy offers a unique view on how this happened by looking at history through a legal lens. â€Å"In a field like law, which draws so much upon cultural values, it is no surprise that judges—like historians, novelists, and filmmakers—reflected an incorrect view of history and built upon.† (Brophy) There are three notable cases that came before the Supreme Court between, 1873-1896 The Slaughter house cases, United States v. Cruikshank, and Plessy v. Ferguson. (Brophy) The Slaughterhouse Cases are important because of how the court changed the meaning and function of the Fourteenth Amendment. â€Å"the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen s privileges and immunities, as protected by the Constitution s Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited to those spelled out in theShow MoreRelatedThe Confederate Flag : Controversy Or Logical Solution?1717 Words   |  7 PagesThe Confederate Flag: Controversy or Logical Solution? The Confederate flag has been a topic of controversy in the United States for many years. It and other symbols of the Confederacy are parts of many state flags in the South and it is even flown at several state buildings throughout the South. 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Global And China Ethylene Carbonate Industry Free Essays

The report firstly introduced Ethylene Carbonate basic information included Ethylene Carbonate definition classification application industry chain structure industry overview; international market analysis, China domestic market analysis, Macroeconomic environment and economic situation analysis, Ethylene Carbonate industry policy and plan, Ethylene Carbonate product specification, manufacturing process, cost structure etc. Browse Complete report with TOC : http://www. qyresearchreports. We will write a custom essay sample on Global And China Ethylene Carbonate Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/report/global- and-china-ethylene-carbonate-industry 2013-market- research- report. htm Then statistics Global and China key manufacturers Ethylene Carbonate capacity production cost price profit production value gross margin etc information, and Global and China Ethylene Carbonate capacity production market share supply demand shortage import export consumption etc data statistics, and Ethylene Carbonate Industry 2009-2014 capacity production price cost profit production value gross margin etc information. To Get Sample Copy of Report Visit @ http://www. qyresearchreports. com/sample/ Table of Contents Chapter One Ethylene Carbonate Industry Overview 1. 1 Ethylene Carbonate Definition 1. Ethylene Carbonate Classification and Application 1. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Industry Chain Structure 1. 4 Ethylene Carbonate Industry Overview Chapter Two Ethylene Carbonate International and China Market Analysis 2. 1 Ethylene Carbonate Industry International Market Analysis 2. 1. 1 Ethylene Carbonate International Market Development History 2. 1. 2 Ethylene Carbonate Product and Technology Developments 2. 1. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Competitive Landscape Analysis 2. 1. 4 Ethylene Carbonate International Key Countries Development Status 2. 1. 5 Ethylene Carbonate International Market Development Trend 2. Ethylene Carbonate Industry China Market Analysis 2. 2. 1 Ethylene Carbonate China Market Development History 2. 2. 2 Ethylene Carbonate Product and Technology Developments 2. 2. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Competitive Landscape Analysis 2 2 4 Ethylene Carbonate China Key Regions Carbonate China Market Development Trend lopment S 5 Ethylene 2. 3 Ethylene Carbonate International and China Market Comparison Analysis Chapter Three Ethylene Carbonate Development Environmental Analysis 3. 1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis 3. 1. 1 China GDP Analysts 3. 1. 2 China CPI Analysts 3. How to cite Global And China Ethylene Carbonate Industry, Papers

environment is under constant threat as a result of modernisation Essay Example For Students

environment is under constant threat as a result of modernisation Essay The environment is under changeless menace as a consequence of modernization, concern activities, changeless growing and development. All these are human activities that affect the immediate environment. The depletion in natural resources particularly by the oil and gas companies such as the Pipeline Product Marketing Company ( PPMC ) has resulted in serious environmental impacts. Therefore, the demand for sustainability and sustainable development can non be overemphasized as it has become more of import over the last two decennaries ( Micheal A ; Lan, 2000 ; Carbon Trust, 2008 ; Hahn, 2001 ; Cunningham et al. , 2005 ) . These histories for the increasing force per unit area on authoritiess to develop a response to a assortment of jobs which range from the usage of natural resources to pollution control. In response, assortment of environmental protection statute law and ordinances were formulated with the purpose of protecting the environment ( Powley, 2004 ; IEMA 2005 ) . The add ition in natural resources ingestion between 1961 and 1990 by 25 % every 10 old ages resulted in serious environmental impacts in the signifier of acerb rain. This leads to raising sourness in the dirt and H2O thereby doing harm to forest harvests, and freshwater fish and wildlife. Methane emanation and excavation waste, oil spills, air pollution by sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and C dioxide as a consequence of burned coal, oil or gas including clime alteration are besides causes of environmental impacts ( Micheal A ; Lan, 2000 ; Edwards, 2000 ; Jaccard, 2005 ) . PPMC is a subordinate of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation owned by the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The company is involved in oil processing, production and selling. PPMC was established to offer first-class client services by transporting rough oil to the Nigerian three refineries every bit good as traveling white crude oil merchandises to bing markets. Its chief aim is to productively and expeditiously mark et refined crude oil and petrochemical merchandises in the domestic market every bit good as in the ECOWAS sub part and besides provide Marine services ( PPMC, 2009 ) . Outline1 Investing Undertaking2 Annual cost of fuel and care ( Runing cost ) .3 Entire cost of investing4 Annual nest eggs5 PAYBACK Time period6 Payback period7 Payback period is 2years 6 monthsA8 Net PRESENT VALUE ( NPV )9 INTERNAL Rate OF RETURN ( IRR )10 NPV1 = 124, 707,000 118, 800,000 = + 5, 907,00011 NPV2 = A A 113,864,000 118,800,000 = 4,936,00012 A A A A A A13 A A14 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A IRR=20.7 %15 NON FINANCIAL FACTORS16 SUGGESTIONS/DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION. Investing Undertaking The PPMC s monitory and review section has 36 vehicles, a vehicle in each of the 36 provinces of Nigeria. The vehicles are used as official autos by staff in order to travel mediate their offices, terminal and filling Stationss and proctor and inspect their day-to-day operational activities. Each auto covers 100s of kilometers day-to-day due to the long distance between their office, make fulling Stationss every bit good as terminals which are located far out of the metropolis for environmental intent. Every auto consumes about 50 liters of gasoline per twenty-four hours. However, it is environmentally unfriendly as they pollute the environment with C emanations. The company has set a mark to drastically cut down or if possible to halt fouling the environment. Therefore, the senior direction wants to carry through a feasible undertaking with a length of 4 old ages, to better their environmental public presentation and upgrade its corporate societal duty. This undertaking is expected to be a non-profit undertaking that could convey many nest eggs to the company and return the initial investing in 3 old ages in order to avoid hazard. The determination of anticipating the payback period of 3 old ages was made by the senior direction after careful consideration of the company s payback standard which is 5yrs. PPMC has a criterion of judging all its investings objectively, so as to find whether the payback period is good or bad thereby go throughing an nonsubjective opinion as to cognize if the investing is worthy to be taken or non. Reducing or halting the sum of gasoline that is used during their day-to-day activities, will back up the company to obtain good corporate image and cost nest eggs as each liter of gasoline is N65 ( Naira ) . In add-on the company spends an norm of N25, 000 monthly for care on every auto. PPMC is sing a great loss of resources as a consequence of this high gasoline ingestion every twenty-four hours at that place by fouling the natural environment. The vehicles have been used for about 6 old ages which has exceeded its warrant period of 1 twelvemonth. They are being used at maximal degree as PPMC operates mundane including weekends and public vacations due to their nature of work and immense demand for their supply. The company is presently passing N52, 920,000 yearly seeking to keep and fuel the old vehicles. The dislocation of these disbursals is shown below: Annual cost of fuel and care ( Runing cost ) . This includes running cost of fuel, fixs and monthly cheques. Monthly cost of fuel = 50 ten 36 ten 30 ten 65 = N3, 510,000 Annual cost of fuel = N3, 510,000 ten 12 = N42, 120,000 Monthly cost of care = N25, 000 ten 36 = N900, 000 Annual cost of care = N900, 000 ten 12 = N10, 800, 000 Entire Annual Expenditure = N42, 120,000 + N10, 800, 000 = N52, 920,000 In order to work out the above mentioned issues, PPMC direction have decided to replace the old vehicles with trade name new electric autos. These electric autos use neither gasoline nor Diesel, they have zero emanation and their lone by merchandise is H2O. The auto is known as Honda FCX Clarity, it is a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle ( FCEV ) . This vehicle has worn the universe green auto award, during the 2009 World Cars Awards in Newyork. This award has upgraded Honda s corporate image by exposing its committedness towards a green environment. In add-on, Honda already has an first-class history of environmental leading as they are known to be industries of low emanation vehicles under an improved regulative demand ( Honda, 2009 ) . It is rated by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) as the greenest car shaper for four different times in a row ( UCS, 2007 ) . The auto generates electricity through the V flow fuel cell stack and shops it by the usage of its extremely efficient Li ion battery, which helps retrieve energy. It besides monitors electrical flow through its power thrust unit and propels the vehicle ( Honda, 2009 ) . Honda FCX Clarity has an improved safety steps such as the Vehicle Stability Assist ( VSA ) , Collision Mitigation Braking System ( CMBS ) , six air bags and a unit organic structure construction that is good reinforced. It besides has a ocular and audio qui vive which alert the driver in instance of any possible hit. Another safety safeguard programmed in the vehicle is the suggestion of the driver by the automatic jerk of the place belt in instance of an ineluctable accident it minimises the velocity by interrupting force to cut down the impact of hit. Furthermore, it has a really strong electric motor every bit good as groundbreaking new fuel cell stack. These safety steps have been tested by the United States Federal Safety Standards and it was a success narrative ( Honda, 2009 ) . The purchase of Honda FCX Clarity by PPMC will show the company s committedness towards the decrease of Co2 emanation thereby protecting the environment. The company will besides be recognised as the f irst to present zero emanation autos to Nigeria and it will function as a solution that could convey cost nest eggs. The Baroque Era Essay PaperFurthermore, PPMC will show good operations within a safe and clean environment thereby making a friendly environment for staff and the populace ( Edward, 2004 ) . This will assist screen out societal affairs and better wellness and safety. Since, the electric autos have a extremely improved safety steps that could supply ways of pollution control to protect the people and their environment ( Edward, 2004 ) . The company could besides profit from alterations within the administration, by presenting this environmental enterprise that trades with environmental impacts such as clime alteration and planetary heating caused by their emanations ( Murray, 2003 ) . In add-on, it will back up the company to place and understate its impacts on the environment so as to heighten its corporate societal duties through the usage of an alternate beginning of energy. This will non merely advance their concern environment but will advance the planetary environment at big. Buying the zero emanation vehicles will pave manner for the administration to accomplish sustainable development since it is a scheme that could see maximal public-service corporation of resources. In add-on, the undertaking is non aimed at net income devising but returning of initial investing. SUGGESTIONS/DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION. The rate of involvement at which the investing cost leads to investing benefit is known as the IRR. This means that, all investing additions are with the clip value for money and at the involvement rate, the investing has a nothing NPV ( ACCA, 2008 ) . This investing assessment has demonstrated the usage of IRR to value the hard currency flow and raise it as a effect of the investing while finding it with rising prices ( ACCA, 2008 ) . For illustration, a higher mark rate of return was chosen, so that even in a state of affairs where the rising prices rate rises the company will still salvage cost. Interest rate may lift to 15 % during the life clip of the undertaking due to the increasing rising prices rate in Nigeria, as history has shown that Nigerian base rate rises up to 0.45 every twelvemonth. Therefore, hazard is incorporated and the undertaking is considered less hazardous. The IRR is 20.7 % , this has shown a really good hazard border sing the Nigerian economic instability. Furthermore, the advantage of the IRR being 20.7 % is that, even if the involvement rate increases the undertaking will still be economically good. Base rate of the Central Bank of Nigeria was used to find the cost of capital and cipher the initial NPV. The base rate was besides used to integrate rising prices by dismissing hard currency flows to acquire the hereafter value. Inflation alterations value for money, this is the chief ground for utilizing the base rate in finding the price reduction factor for the NPV computation. Two price reduction rates were used to work out the equation of IRR which assumes that NPV alterations with price reduction rate but this is non the instance in world. The positive consequence of the NPV means that the undertaking should be accepted and the chosen price reduction rate of 15 % helped place the existent value of the nest eggs to be made, based on the fact that the undertaking is anticipated to do an overall nest eggs. However, the existent value of IRR is more of import as it considers the current economic clime and the future involvement rate of Nigeria. The consequence has shown that the I RR is higher than the mark rate of return. It is of import to observe that, base rate is used to find NPV non IRR while IRR assumes that NPV is zero. The nest eggs to be realised by PPMC as a consequence of the new enterprise every bit good as the indicant of an attractive Payback period upon investing is clearly exposed. Payback period 2 old ages 6 months is a good payback period since, the standards requires payback of the initial investing in 5yrs. Hence, it would hold been a bad payback period if it exceeds 5years. Furthermore, PBP was used to back up other informations because it is non plenty to function as standards for investing. The company will go on to profit from the undertaking for old ages even after returning the initial investing. PPMC could see utilizing a different price reduction rate for this undertaking since it is aimed at put to deathing an environmental undertaking and non gain doing. This assessment has been exhaustively evaluated and has proven that the investing is sensible ( Mclaney, 1994 ) . Since, the company will pass merely N65, 880,000 more on the one-year care cost ( 52, 920,000 ) and salvage N52, 920,000 in the first twelvemonth and more in the subsequent old ages at the same clip halting the C emanations from the old autos. In add-on, it is a mandatary for the company to run into up the authorities s demand to cut down environmental impact and comply with the prevalent statute law. If the administration was non to put in this undertaking the money would hold been channelled to the federation history and budgeted to put to death other undertakings in other sectors or Nigerian ministries. However, PPMC has the authorization to utilize any sensible sum to better its environmental public presentation or put to death any feasible undertaking that will be good to the administration. Finally, the computation resulted in a less price reduction rate where NPV1 became positive and a greater price reduction rate where NPV2 remain negative and IRR fell in between the two price reduction factors ( ACCA, 2008 ) . The 3 investing assessment techniques were to the full utilised to find the undertaking s viability. This has proven that the undertaking is economically feasible ( Mclaney, 1994 ) . In position of this, the investing assessment is low-cost and worthy of credence. Furthermore, the purchase of the electric autos is the best option, as it will non merely cut down C emanations but will halt the emanations from the old vehicles wholly, thereby upgrading the company s image every bit good as heightening its overall environmental public presentation.