The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 16

â€Å"She has surrendered,† the redhead explained. â€Å"Surrendered?† Jane snapped. I peeked up to see the dark-cloaks exchanging glances. The redhead had said that he'd never seen anyone surrender before. Maybe the dark-cloaks hadn't, either. â€Å"Carlisle gave her the option,† the redhead said. He seemed to be the spokesperson for the yel ow-eyes, though I thought Carlisle might be the leader. â€Å"There are no options for those who break the rules,† Jane said, her voice dead again. My bones felt like ice, but I didn't feel panicked anymore. It al seemed so inevitable now. Carlisle answered Jane in a soft voice. â€Å"That's in your hands. As long as she was wil ing to halt her attack on us, I saw no need to destroy her. She was never taught.† Though his words were neutral, I almost thought he was pleading for me. But, as he had said, my fate was not up to him. â€Å"That is irrelevant,† Jane confirmed. â€Å"As you wish.† Jane was staring at Carlisle with an expression that was half confusion and half frustration. She shook her head, and her face was unreadable again. â€Å"Aro hoped that we would get far enough west to see you, Carlisle,† she said. â€Å"He sends his regards.† â€Å"I would appreciate it if you would convey mine to him,† he answered. Jane smiled. â€Å"Of course.† Then she looked at me again, with the corners of her mouth stil slightly holding the smile. â€Å"It appears that you've done our work for us today†¦ for the most part. Just out of professional curiosity, how many were there? They left quite a wake of destruction in Seattle.† She spoke of jobs and professionals. I was right, then, that it was her profession to punish. And if there were punishers, then there must be rules. Carlisle had said before, We follow their rules, and also, There is no law against creating vampires if you control them. Riley and my creator had been afraid but not exactly surprised by the arrival of the dark-cloaks, these Volturi. They knew about the laws, and they knew they were breaking them. Why hadn't they told us? And there were more Volturi than just these four. Someone named Aro and probably many more. There must have been a lot for everyone to fear them so much. Carlisle answered Jane's question. â€Å"Eighteen, including this one.† There was a barely audible murmur among the four darkcloaks. â€Å"Eighteen?† Jane repeated, a note of surprise in her voice. Our creator had never told Jane how many of us she'd created. Was Jane real y surprised, or just faking it? â€Å"Al brand-new,† Carlisle said. â€Å"They were unskil ed.† Unskil ed and uninformed, thanks to Riley. I was beginning to get a sense of how these older vampires viewed us. Newborn, Jasper had cal ed me. Like a baby. â€Å"Al ?† Jane snapped. â€Å"Then who was their creator?† As if they hadn't already been introduced. This Jane was a bigger liar than Riley, and she was so much better at it than he was. â€Å"Her name was Victoria,† the redhead answered. How did he know that when even I didn't? I remembered that Riley had said there was a mind reader in this group. Was that how they knew everything? Or was that another of Riley's lies? â€Å"Was?† Jane asked. The redhead jerked his head toward the east like he was pointing. I looked up and saw a cloud of thick lilac smoke bil owing from the side of the mountain. Was. I felt a similar kind of pleasure to what I'd felt imagining the big vampire shredding Raoul. Only much, much greater. â€Å"This Victoria,† Jane asked slowly. â€Å"She was in addition to the eighteen here?† â€Å"Yes,† the redhead confirmed. â€Å"She had only one other with her. He was not as young as this one here, but no older than a year.† Riley. My fierce pleasure intensified. If – okay, when – I died today, at least I didn't leave that loose thread. Diego had been avenged. I almost smiled. â€Å"Twenty,† Jane breathed. Either this was more than she had expected, or she was a kil er actress. â€Å"Who dealt with the creator?† â€Å"I did,† the redhead said coldly. Whoever this vampire was, whether he kept a pet human or no, he was a friend of mine. Even if he were the one to kil me in the end, I would stil owe him. Jane turned to stare at me with narrowed eyes. â€Å"You there,† she snarled. â€Å"Your name.† I was dead anyway, according to her. So why give this lying vampire anything she wanted? I just glared at her. Jane smiled at me, the bright, happy smile of an innocent child, and suddenly I was on fire. It was like I'd gone back in time to the worst night of my life. Fire was in every vein of my body, covering every inch of my skin, gnawing through the marrow of every bone. It felt like I was buried in the middle of my coven's funeral bonfire, with the flames on every side. There wasn't a single cel in my body that wasn't blazing with the worst agony imaginable. I could barely hear myself scream over the pain in my ears. â€Å"Your name,† Jane said again, and as she spoke the fire disappeared. Gone like that, as if I'd only been imagining it. â€Å"Bree,† I said as fast as I could, stil gasping though the pain wasn't there anymore. Jane smiled again and the fire was everywhere. How much pain would it take before I would die of it? The screams didn't even feel like they were coming from me anymore. Why wouldn't someone rip my head off? Carlisle was kind enough for that, wasn't he? Or whoever their mind reader was. Couldn't he or she understand and make this stop? â€Å"She'l tel you anything you want to know,† the redhead growled. â€Å"You don't have to do that.† The pain vanished again, like Jane had turned off a light switch. I found myself facedown on the ground, panting as if I needed air. â€Å"Oh, I know,† I heard Jane say cheerful y. â€Å"Bree?† I shuddered when she cal ed my name, but the pain didn't start again. â€Å"Is his story true?† she asked me. â€Å"Were there twenty of you?† The words flew out of my mouth. â€Å"Nineteen or twenty, maybe more, I don't know! Sara and the one whose name I don't know got in a fight on the way†¦.† I waited for the pain to punish me for not having a better answer, but instead Jane spoke again. â€Å"And this Victoria – did she create you?† â€Å"I don't know,† I admitted fearful y. â€Å"Riley never said her name. I didn't see that night†¦ it was so dark, and it hurt!† I flinched. â€Å"He didn't want us to be able to think of her. He said that our thoughts weren't safe.† Jane shot a glance at the redhead, then looked at me again. â€Å"Tel me about Riley,† Jane said. â€Å"Why did he bring you here?† I recited Riley's lies as quickly as I could. â€Å"Riley told us that we had to destroy the strange yel ow-eyes here. He said it would be easy. He said that the city was theirs, and they were coming to get us. He said once they were gone, al the blood would be ours. He gave us her scent.† I pointed in the human's direction. â€Å"He said we would know that we had the right coven, because she would be with them. He said whoever got to her first could have her.† â€Å"It looks like Riley was wrong about the easy part,† Jane said, a hint of teasing in her tone. It seemed like Jane was pleased with my story. In a flash of insight, I understood that she was relieved Riley hadn't told me or the others about her little visit to our creator. Victoria. This was the story she wanted the yel ow-eyes to know – the story that didn't implicate Jane or the dark-cloaked Volturi. Wel, I could play along. Hopeful y the mind reader was already in the know. I couldn't physical y take revenge on this monster, but I could tel the yel ow-eyes everything with my thoughts. I hoped. I nodded, agreeing with Jane's little joke, and sat up because I wanted the mind reader's attention, whoever that was. I continued with the version of the story that any other member of my coven would have been able to give. I pretended I was Kevin. Dumb as a bag of rocks and total y ignorant. â€Å"I don't know what happened.† That part was true. The mess on the battlefield was stil a mystery. I'd never seen any of Kristie's group. Did the secret howler vampires get them? I would keep that secret for the yel ow-eyes. â€Å"We split up, but the others never came. And Riley left us, and he didn't come to help like he promised. And then it was so confusing, and everybody was in pieces.† I flinched at the memory of the torso I'd hurdled. â€Å"I was afraid. I wanted to run away.† I nodded at Carlisle. â€Å"That one said they wouldn't hurt me if I stopped fighting.† This wasn't betraying Carlisle in any way. He'd already told Jane as much. â€Å"Ah, but that wasn't his gift to offer, young one,† Jane said. She sounded like she was enjoying herself. â€Å"Broken rules demand a consequence.† Stil pretending I was Kevin, I just stared at her as if I were too stupid to understand. Jane looked at Carlisle. â€Å"Are you sure you got al of them? The other half that split off?† Carlisle nodded. â€Å"We split up, too.† So it was the howlers that got Kristie. I hoped that, whatever else they were, the howlers were real y, real y terrifying. Kristie deserved that. â€Å"I can't deny that I'm impressed,† Jane said, sounding sincere, and I thought that this was probably the truth. Jane had been hopeful that Victoria's army would do some damage here, and we'd clearly failed. â€Å"Yes,† the three vampires behind Jane al agreed quietly. â€Å"I've never seen a coven escape this magnitude of offensive intact,† Jane continued. â€Å"Do you know what was behind it? It seems like extreme behavior, considering the way you live here. And why was the girl the key?† Her eyes flicked to the human for just a moment. â€Å"Victoria held a grudge against Bel a,† the redhead told her. So the strategy final y made sense. Riley just wanted the girl dead and didn't care how many of us died to get it done. Jane laughed happily. â€Å"This one† – and she smiled at the human the way she'd smiled at me – â€Å"seems to bring out bizarrely strong reactions in our kind.† Nothing happened to the girl. Maybe Jane didn't want to hurt her. Or maybe her horrible talent only worked on vampires. â€Å"Would you please not do that?† the redhead asked in a control ed but furious voice. Jane laughed again. â€Å"Just checking. No harm done, apparently.† I tried to keep my expression Kevin-ish and not betray my interest. So Jane couldn't hurt this girl the way she'd hurt me, and this was not a normal thing for Jane. Though Jane was laughing about it, I could tel it was driving her crazy. Was this why the human girl was tolerated by the yel ow-eyes? But if she was special in some way, why didn't they just change her into a vampire? â€Å"Wel, it appears that there's not much left for us to do,† Jane said, her voice a dead monotone again. â€Å"Odd. We're not used to being rendered unnecessary. It's too bad we missed the fight. It sounds like it would have been entertaining to watch.† â€Å"Yes,† the redhead retorted. â€Å"And you were so close. It's a shame you didn't arrive just a half hour earlier. Perhaps then you could have fulfil ed your purpose here.† I fought a smile. So the redhead was the mind reader, and he'd heard everything I'd wanted him to hear. Jane wasn't getting away with anything. Jane stared back at the mind reader with a blank expression. â€Å"Yes. Quite a pity how things turned out, isn't it?† The mind reader nodded, and I wondered what he was hearing in Jane's head. Jane turned her blank face to me now. There was nothing in her eyes, but I could feel that my time had run out. She'd gotten what she needed from me. She didn't know that I'd also given the mind reader everything I could. And protected his coven's secrets, too. I owed him that. He'd punished Riley and Victoria for me. I glanced at him from the corner of my eye and thought, Thanks. â€Å"Felix?† Jane said lazily. â€Å"Wait,† the mind reader said loudly. He turned to Carlisle and spoke quickly. â€Å"We could explain the rules to the young one. She doesn't seem unwil ing to learn. She didn't know what she was doing.† â€Å"Of course,† Carlisle said eagerly, looking at Jane. â€Å"We would certainly be prepared to take responsibility for Bree.† Jane's face looked like she wasn't sure if they were joking, but if they were joking, they were funnier than she'd given them credit for. Me, I was touched to the core. These vampires were strangers, but they'd gone out on this dangerous limb for me. I already knew it wasn't going to work, but stil . â€Å"We don't make exceptions,† Jane told them, amused. â€Å"And we don't give second chances. It's bad for our reputation.† It was like she was discussing someone else. I didn't care that she was talking about kil ing me. I knew the yel ow-eyes couldn't stop her. She was the vampire police. But even though the vampire cops were dirty – real y dirty – at least the yel ow-eyes knew it now. â€Å"Which reminds me†¦,† Jane went on, her eyes locking on the human girl again and her smile widening. â€Å"Caius wil be so interested to hear that you're stil human, Bel a. Perhaps he'l decide to visit.† Still human. So they were going to change the girl. I wondered what they were waiting for. â€Å"The date is set,† said the little vampire with the short black hair and the clear voice. â€Å"Perhaps we'l come to visit you in a few months.† Jane's smile disappeared like someone had wiped it off. She shrugged without looking at the black-haired vampire, and I got the feeling that as much as she might have hated the human girl, she hated this smal vampire ten times as much. Jane turned back to Carlisle with the same vacant expression as before. â€Å"It was nice to meet you, Carlisle – I'd thought Aro was exaggerating. Wel, until we meet again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would be it, then. I stil didn't feel afraid. My only regret was that I couldn't tel Fred more about al of this. He was going almost total y blind into this world ful of dangerous politics and dirty cops and secret covens. But Fred was smart and careful and talented. What could they do to him if they couldn't even see him? Maybe the yel ow-eyes would meet Fred someday. Be nice to him, please, I thought at the mind reader. â€Å"Take care of that, Felix,† Jane said indifferently, nodding at me. â€Å"I want to go home.† â€Å"Don't watch,† the redheaded mind reader whispered. I closed my eyes.

Kinetic Friction

Experiment 4: Friction Laboratory Report Anna Rucelli Ignacio Michael Giorgio Lapus Ted William Lardizabal Janell Leica Lee Department of Occupational Therapy College of Reabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas Espana, Manila Philippines Abstract The experiment verifies the laws of friction with the use of a spring scale, a block of wood, its different surfaces and the different surfaces of other objects. Another part of the experiment uses the palms of the hands to produce friction then apply lubricants then see the differences. The experiment also observes the effect of air resistance on falling paper. 1. Introduction Friction is the force resisting the relative lateral (tangential) motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements in contact. It is usually subdivided into several varieties: * Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Dry friction is also subdivided into static friction between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces. Lubricated friction or fluid friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces separated by a layer of gas or liquid. * Fluid friction is also used to describe the friction between layers within a fluid that are moving relative to each other. * Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a solid body through a fluid. * Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid mate rial while it undergoes deformation. Friction is not a fundamental force, as it is derived from electromagnetic force between charged particles, including electrons, protons, atoms, and molecules, and so cannot be calculated from first principles, but instead must be found empirically. When contacting surfaces move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, or heat. Contrary to earlier explanations, kinetic friction is now understood not to be caused by surface roughness but by chemical bonding between the surfaces. Surface roughness and contact area, however, do affect kinetic friction for micro- and nano-scale objects where surface area forces dominate inertial forces. The normal force is defined as the net force compressing two parallel surfaces together; and its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces. In the simple case of a mass resting on a horizontal surface, the only component of the normal force is the force due to gravity, where N=mg. In this case, the magnitude of the friction force is the product of the mass of the object, the acceleration due to gravity, and the coefficient of friction. However, the coefficient of friction is not a function of mass or volume; it depends only on the material. For instance, a large aluminum block has the same coefficient of friction as a small aluminum block. However, the magnitude of the friction force itself depends on the normal force, and hence the mass of the block. If an object is on a level surface and the force tending to cause it to slide is horizontal, the normal force N, between the object and the surface is just its weight, which is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to earth's gravity, g. If the object is on a tilted surface such as an inclined plane, the normal force is less, because less of the force of gravity is perpendicular to the face of the plane. Therefore, the normal force, and ultimately the frictional force, is determined using vector analysis, usually via a free body diagram. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the normal force may include forces other than gravity. [pic] A common way to reduce friction is by using a lubricant, such as oil, water, or grease, which is placed between the two surfaces, often dramatically lessening the coefficient of friction. The science of friction and lubrication is called tribology. Lubricant technology is when lubricants are mixed with the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. Superlubricity, a recently-discovered effect, is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects, approaching zero levels. A very small amount of frictional energy would still be dissipated. 2. Theory ?s = maximum static friction normal force ?K = kinetic friction normal force 3. Methodology For the first activity, a piece of wood was placed on top of a wooden board with a spring scale attach to it. The minimum force needed to start the motion was determined by pulling the spring balance which is numerically equivalent to the maximum static friction. The kinetic friction was determined by pulling the spring balance with constant motion. This procedure was repeated by using the other sides of the block and their fsmax and fK was recorded. For the first trial in the second activity, the fsmax and fK of the wooden block was determined. For the succeeding trials, 100g weight is added to the block every trial and their fsmax and fK was recorded. This was called the normal force which is equivalent to the weight of the block plus 100g. After getting their fsmax and fK, their  µs was calculated by using the formula  µs = fsmax/fn. Also the  µK was calculated by using the formula fK/ fn. For the first trial of the third activity, the fsmax and fK of the wooden block was determined while it was pulled over a wooden board. In the second trial, the wooden surface/board was replaced with the tiles of the floor. So the wooden block was pulled over the tiles of the floor and its fsmax and fK of the wooden block was recorded. For the third trial, sand paper was used as surface while the wooden block was pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. For the next trial, plastic cover was used as surface while the wooden block was pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. Lastly, paper/cartolina was used as surface while the wooden block was being pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. For the fourth activity, one member of the group was asked to rub his/her hands together for one minute. After rubbing, was asked to place his/her hands on his/her cheeks and the sensation felt was observed. The succeeding trials were done by applying powder, oil, and lotion before rubbing the hands. The sensation felt was also recorded. For the last activity, a paper was dropped over a motion detector and its terminal velocity and square of terminal activity was recorded by using a program installed in the computer. The following trials were done by adding 1 paper every trial on top of each other and were dropped on the motion detector. Its terminal and square of terminal velocity was recorded.

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The Tools That Are Used By the European Central Bank (ECB) To Increase the Money Supply in the Economy - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the European central bank may use buying securities as a tool to increase the money supply in the euro area. This is through the open market operations. The ECB may affect the supply of money through selling or buying the European government securities, by the use of open market open market operations. When the ECB purchases the government securities from the general public, it will do so using the money that was not in existence in the system. This will make the bank reserves to increase or rise and in turn, will make the money supply to increase. For example, when the European Central Bank has an open market operation through buying or selling government securities and when it purchase these government securities from the public, it does so using the nonexistent money. Consequently, this makes the reserves in the bank to rise, and as a result, this increases the supply of money. The European central bank may increase the supply of the money by making the reserve rate to be lower. The ECB can do this through the formulae of the Required Reserve Ratio. Through this ratio, banks are able to know the required and specific amount which they must hold as the reserve through all the deposits and have limits to the amount that the banks will lend out to its customers. If this ratio is increased by the ECB, the money deposits will have to be few, therefore further limiting the amount available to the public. The European Central Bank may decrease the discount rate so as to increase the money supply. For example, banks may have to borrow funds when they need them. If the banks borrow from the ECB, an interest rate will be paid which is known as Discount rate. Another tool that can be used by the ECB to increase the supply of money in the economy is the publishing or producing of more money. Though the ECB may decide to increase the money supply in the economy through the selling of securities to the public, a majority of the public prefer ho arding money thus the money in circulation becomes less. It is for this reason and may be less availability of money that the ECB may decide to publish more money to increase the money supply in the economy.

Business (i NEED A WRITER IN LAW OR CRIMINOLOGY ) Essay

Business (i NEED A WRITER IN LAW OR CRIMINOLOGY ) - Essay Example This right to confront your accuser in open court is regarded as the core of the  English trial system (and of course that of other jurisdictions based on it).   All criminal cases start in the Magistrates’ courts. Petty offences, or offences not serious in nature are dealt with by Magistrates’ court. They are called summary offences. All cases regarding these offences are decided entirely in the Magistrates’ Court. Apart from summary offences, there can be two other types of offences. One is known as either-way offence. In either-way offences, the suspect has a choice. His case can either be heard by the Magistrates’ court or if so desired, he can insist on trial by judge and jury in the Crown Court. Magistrates’ Court can impose fines up to  £ 5000, and punishments up to 12 months1. However, the Magistrates’ Court has power to impose more sentence if the defendant is charged with two or more offences, and at least two offences are either way offences. Over 95% of all criminal cases are dealt with by Magistrates’ Courts.2 Magistrates’ Courts may refer some cases to Crown Court if it reaches a conclusion that the defendant deserves more severe punishment than they can. However, all the three types of cases must be first heard by the Magistrates’ Court. This hearing is known as committal. Offences of the other type are known as indictable offences. Indictable offences are to be tried only by Crown Court. Indictable offences are more serious criminal cases such as murder, manslaughter, assault, rape or robbery. The Crown Courts can hear appeals from orders of Magistrates Courts. These cases in Magistrates’ Courts are heard by three lay magistrates (who are known as justices of peace) or by a District Judge. The magistrates are volunteers from the locality. District Judge is a trained lawyer. He is a government servant. The prosecution is usually carried out by the Crown Prosecution Service. A

Substitution Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substitution Industrialization - Essay Example Even though ISI led to the industrialization of Brazil where agriculture products dominated the economy, it has some bad effects also like increasing rates of inflation and debts. ISI did not resolve the balance of payments problems. On the other hand ISI marked the golden period of Brazilian economy from the years early 1950's and early 1960's. Promotion of other sectors also resulted from ISI such as steel, petrochemicals, fuels, automobiles, transport infrastructure and electricity. Portuguese were the first people to come to Brazil and discover its potential resources. The first attraction for them was the Brazil wood. This wood was exported by them to the European countries. However, the real breakthrough was the sugar cane production. Sugar was in high demand in Europe and an opportunity for the people to make huge profits out of its export. African slaves were used for the production of sugar. But unfortunately after a period of time sugar supply became far more than the demand due to excessive production in the Caribbean and hence prices declined significantly. In the nineteenth century, another important development in the Brazilian economy was the escalation of coffee exports. By the year 1929 coffee contributed to around 73% of the total exports. Tremendous growth of coffee exports led to the development of transport infrastructure like railways and ports. As the movements for the abolition of slavery gained momentum, the only other alternative for the employers was the free wage labour in form of immigrants from the extremely poor rural lands of European countries like Italy, Portugal and Spain. Millions of people immigrated to Brazil from Europe. Only few of them worked on plantations due to miserable conditions and others opted to move to the cities and set up their own workshops. On the other hand there was an overproduction of coffee in the country without many takers. Decline of coffee exports and the labour immigration from Europe formed the basis for the origin of industrialization. As a consequence of the Great Depression and t he Second World War there was an enormous fall off in the exports of coffee. Availability of the goods imported to Brazil also declined. As a result most of the products were needed to be produced in the country itself that led to forced import substitution industrialization. Financial crisis in the country led to the rise of populism on the political front. The newly elected president Getulio Vargas was backed by military. Landowners lost their monopoly and a centralized system was setup. The president being conscious about the present and future prospects of the coffee export trade concentrated the resources on the industrial development of the country. New policies and changes in support of the industries were formulated. Initial steps like providing the basic inputs, cultivation of energy sources and so on were taken by the administration. The period after the Second World War saw Brazil heading towards a growing and sound industrial foundation, the main sectors being food, textile, leather and wood. After the end of Vargas's reign, the new president Dutra opted for the free trade policy and the market opened to the US imports. Major part of the foreign exchange was lost in the import of luxury consumer

16 Questions to be Graded Essay Example for Free

16 Questions to be Graded Essay 1. The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval/ratio d. Experimental 2. What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control group? 97.12 3. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean baseline for depression 14.00 and the post-test for depression was 13.36. The post-test score is 0.64 lower than the baseline score which is what the study hypothesized. The study results state â€Å"This study found that there were significant differences in improvement of empowerment, self-care self-efficacy, and depression in patients who were in the intervention group using empowerment strategies than with the control group patients† (Grove, 2007). 4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean baseline and post-test depression score was 10.40. These scores strengthen the validity of the research results because it shows that depression did not improve for the patients within the control group but the scores did change for the patients in the experimental group. 5. Which groups test scores had the least amount of variability or dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. The control group had the least amount of variability with the depression  score which stayed with a SD of 10.4. 6. Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable demonstrate the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. The empowerment variable demonstrated the greatest amount of dispersion because the mean not only went up by 6.64 the SD also went down by 1.91 suggesting the scores are also closer to accurate. 7. The mean () is a measure of __central__ __tendency__ of a distribution while the SD is a measure of __dispersion_____ of its scores. Both and SD are ____descriptive_____ statistics. 8. What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects was moderately severe with a mean of 6.74, SD of 2.97, from a range of 0-10. The severity scores did not vary significantly and it is important to have the same severity of disease across the board so the outcomes can be true. 9. Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean for the control group was least affected by the empowerment program only rising 0.4. 10. Was it important for the researchers to include the total means and SDs for the study variables in Table 2 to promote the readers’ understanding of the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes it was important to include the totals so at a glance anyone can see that even when the experimental and control groups are combined the results still show an improvement in all three categories. References Grove, S. K. (2007). Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4160-0226-0/outline/16The citation provided is a guideline, please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Mandibular Prognathism by BSSO Study

Mandibular Prognathism by BSSO Study METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY Population Consisted of all the patients who reported to the Out Patient Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery for correction of facial deformity involving maxilla and mandible. Sample Consisted of 33 patients who underwent BSSO setback for mandibular prognathism followed by Rigid Internal Fixation at the Department Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery, Mar Baselios Dental College. Inclusion Criteria Patients above age of 20 years for males 18 years for females. Patients who were treated by BSSO setback along with Rigid Internal Fixation for mandibular prognathism. Exclusion Criteria Patients undergoing Bimaxillary surgeries. Patients undergoing Genioplasty along with BSSO. Patients with Medically compromised conditions. Patients with Craniofacial anomalies, Syndromes. A retrospective study was conducted on 33 patients (15 females and 18 males), with mean age of 22 years (age range of 19 28 years), who were operated for mandibular prognathism by BSSO at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangalam. The patients were selected according to above mentioned inclution and exclusion criterias. The surgical procedure was done by one chief operating surgeon. No maxillomandibular fixation was used postoperatively. Pre and postsurgical orthodontics was carried out at the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics, Mar Baselios Dental College, kothamangalam. A standardised lateral skull radiograph with adequate quality and exposure was taken pre operatively and after 6 months of follow up in natural head position [Frankfurt’s horizontal plane parallel to the floor, the tongue in relaxed position and the mandible in centric occlusion] with exposure values of 80 KVp, 10 mA, and 1.30 seconds. Tracings of the lateral cephalograms were pencil traced on acetate paper. To improve the consistency the tracings and measurements were taken by the same investigator. Horizontal reference line was taken as 7 ° to SN at nasion. Vertical reference line was constructed perpendicular to horizontal reference line through Sella. Superimposition of traced preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalogram was done with respect to the horizontal and vertical reference lines. The following cephalometric points and measurements were used. S Sella: Center of sella turcica N Nasion: Most anterior point of frontonasal suture ANS Anterior Nasal Spine: Anterior tip of the nasal spine PNS Posterior Nasal Spine: The most posterior aspect of the palatal bone A Point A: Innermost point on contour of maxilla between anterior nasal spine and incisor tooth Is Incision Superior: Midpoint of incisal edge of most prominent maxillary central incisor Ii Incision Inferior: Midpoint of incisal edge of most prominent mandibular central incisor B Point B: Innermost point on contour of mandible between incisor tooth and bony chin PG Pogonion: Most anterior point on osseous contour of chin ME Menton: Most inferior midline point on mandibular symphysis Cm Columella point: Midpoint of columella of nose Sn Subnasale: Point at which columella merges with upper lip in midsagittal plane SLS Superior Labial Sulcus: Point of greatest concavity in middle of upper lip between subnasale and labrale superius Ls Labrale Superius: Most anterior point of upper lip Li Labrale Inferius: Most anterior point of lower lip SLI Inferior Labial Sulcus: Point of greatest concavity in midline of lower lip between labrale inferius and soft tissue pogonion pg’ Soft Tissue Pogonion: Most prominent or anterior point on chin in midsagittal plane me’ Soft Tissue Menton: Lowest point on contour of soft tissue chin Stoms Stomion Superius: Most inferior point of upper lip Stomi Stomion Inferius: Most superior point of lower lip Sn-Stoms Upper lip length Stomi-me Lower lip length G-Sn-PG’ Facial Convexity: Angle between soft tissue glabella, subnasale and soft tissue pogonion Cm-Sn-Ls Nasolabial Angle: Angle between columella and labrale superius Li-SLI-pg’ Labiomental Fold: Angle between lower lip and chin contour Research methodology In the horizontal plane linear changes at following hard tissue [ANS, A, Is, Ii, B, PG, ME] and soft tissue [Sn, SLS, Ls, Li, SLI, pg’, me’, Stoms, Stomi] cephalometric points were measured in millimeters with mean and standard deviations were calculated. In the vertical plane linear changes at following hard tissue [ANS, A, Is, Ii, B, PG, ME] and soft tissue [Sn, SLS, Ls, Li, SLI, pg’, me’, Stoms, Stomi] cephalometric points were measured in millimeters with mean and standard deviations were calculated. Scatter plot diagram with Correlation Regression Analysis was done for the following points Li vs Ii, SLI vs B, PG vs pg’, ME vs me’ were done in both horizontal and vertical plane. Change in length of lower third of face; upper lip [Sn-Stoms] length and lower lip [Stomi-me] length were calculated along with mean and standard deviation. The mean change in facial profile, Nasolabial angle and mentolabial fold were calculated. The ratio of change in the soft tissue reference points will be compared with movements of corresponding 4 hard tissue references: Li to Ii, SLI to B, PG to pg’ and ME to me’ in the horizontal plane. SURGICAL PROCEDURE All the patients had undergone BSSO for correction of horizontal mandibular excess [mandibular prognathism]. All surgeries were carried out by the same surgeon. During the positioning of the patient before surgery the head end of the table is tilted by about 15 °. Hypotensive anaesthesia technique was used. Both these are intended to reduce intra operative bleeding. At the beginning of the procedure 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with 1: 2,00,000 epinephrine is infiltrated into the buccal vestibule upto the midramus region of the mandible on both sides. Incision and dissection The incision is placed over the anterior aspect of the ramus extending from the midramus region running down over the external oblique ridge upto the first molar region where it curves down to the buccal vestibule. Retracting the soft tissues buccally, before placing the incision prevents the initial exposure of the buccal fat pad. A sharp dissection is done in the ramus upto the periosteum. Periosteal dissection is started on the lateral aspect of the mandibular body from anterior ramus upto the second molar region extending to the inferior border. On the lateral aspect of the ramus dissection may be minimal only to achieve proper access and visibility. Medial dissection is done subperiosteally with a Howarth’s periosteal elevator and should be above the level of lingula and mandibular foramen which usually coincides with the deepest concavity of the anterior border of ramus. Later a channel retractor is inserted for medial retraction so as to protect the mandibular neurovascular bundle. Osteotomy Osteotomy is done with surgical micromotor and burs. Its initiated on the cortical bone of the medial side of ramus above the lingula extending from behind the mandibular foramen [half to two-third of the anteroposterior dimension of the ramus] running down onto the superior aspect of the body of the mandible and then extended to the external oblique ridge over the lateral aspect of the mandibular body upto the 1st molar region. Extending the cut towards the 1st molar region gives better accessibility for intraoral plating. The depth of the cut should be minimal only to reach the cancellous bone. The vertical cut is extended to include the inferior border so that the direction of the split is controlled. During the vertical cut a channel retractor is placed on the lateral aspect so as to protect the buccal soft tissues and facial artery. Following the osteotomy, a small spatula osteotome is malleted into the site beginning from the medial cut, down the ramus, over the body upto the vertical cut. The spatula osteotome is directed laterally beneath the cortical plate so that the neurovascular bundle is protected. Later larger osteotomes are used and finally the fragments are prised apart using a Smith spreader. As the fragments are prised the neurovascular bundle is visualized and care is taken to maintain it to the medial tooth bearing fragment. If the neurovascular bundle is found to be attached to the proximal condylar segment a small periosteal elevator is used to free the bundle and bring it to the medial fragment. Once this is done osteotomes in a wedging fashion or the Smith spreader is used vigourously until the spilt of the fragments are completed. The osteotomy is repeated on the opposite side of the mandible. When the mandible is setback, release of the medial pterygoid and masseter muscle is stripped, if needed to prevent the displacement of the condylar segment posteriorly. Later the tooth bearing medial segment is pushed back as much as needed and the overlapping buccal plate of the proximal condylar segment is trimmed such that the proximal segment rest passively on the cancellous part of medial segment with condyle in proper position. Stabilization and fixation The position of jaw is adjusted and intermaxillary fixation is done with splint in position. Rigid internal fixation using 2mm four hole mini plate with gap and 2 Ãâ€" 6mm monocortical screws is the preferred way of fixation. The intermaxillary fixation is removed after the rigid fixation. Wound closure Wounds are irrigated and bleeding is controlled. Wounds are closed with 3-0 vicryl sutures in layers. 1

The threat of globalization for smaller firms

The threat of globalization for smaller firms Globalization has costs and benefits. There are examples of poorly managed economies. (eg when countries opened their economic borders before they had the capacity to respond well) but there are also examples of well managed countries thatengage well with international community. Many governments and supranational authorities have committed themselves to encouraging trade in the world economy and further reducing poverty through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and are cooperating together to work out smart ways to manage globalization for their smaller firms /countries success in the world economy. Through the evaluation of the strategic management in the global competitive enviroment. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the process of the strategic management of smaller firms by governments and supranationals in the global competitive environment. Introduction and Background What is globalisation? Globalisation can be defined as the greater movement of people, goods, capital and ideas due to increased economic integration which in turn is propelled by increased trade and investment. It is like moving towards living in a borderless world. There has always been a sharing of goods, services, knowledge and cultures between people and countries, but in recent years improved technologies and a reduction of barriers means the speed of exchange is much faster. Globalisation provides opportunities and challenges. Bigger markets can mean bigger profits which leads to greater wealth for investing in development and reducing poverty in many countries. Weak domestic policies, institutions and infrastructure and trade barriers can restrict a countrys ability to take advantage of the changes. Each country makes decisions and policies that position them to maximise the benefits and minimise the challenges presented by globalisation. ( www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au) In a world economy, characterized by a high level of changes over the past few years, we can say that the world does not appear any more like it was in the past. Indeed so many transformations have been done in terms of government regulations, business, telecommunications, technology, research and development, customers needs and tastes, reduction in barriers to free trade and the world with all these factors have led to a great convergence. All these transformations are leading our national economies into a global system or a global economy, i.e. an independent, integrated global economic system therefore a process that we can refer to as globalization. Hence, in the era of the globalization, it has been inevitable for national enterprises to globalize in order to gain for instance some competitive advantage, economies of scales, more market share, better skills. Indeed, nowadays, wherever a company operates, theses products or services would find some foreign competitors. ( Hill, 2006), The impact of globalization on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has received a lot of attention in international markets in the past few years. Today, globalization is a major driver that has impact on nearly every business. One of the reasons for the international focus on SMEs is that these firms make significant contributions to the economy of both developed and under-developed countries. SMEs contribute over 55 percent of GDP and over 65 percent of total employment in high-income countries (UNCTAD, 2004). In Middle and East Asia for example, SMEs are major players in their countries economy; accounting for a higher percent than what it represents in the developing countries. Globalization has that much impact on business forces which have added more drivers to Porters five Forces. One of these new drivers in business life was discussed in an article by Larry Downes in Beyond Porter says that technological progress in logistics and distribution enables nearly every business to buy, sell and cooperate on a global scale. Similarly, customers have the chance to compare prices globally in order to find the best offer. Many SMEs are now looking to go global. The markets are more accessible than ever before. However, most SMEs are finding it difficult to master the art of market entry, resulting in heavy losses. Globalization has increased competitive pressures on firms. Together with rapid technological change it has altered the environment in which SMEs operate. The bottom line is that, in an open and liberalized world, increasing SMEs competitiveness has become a major challenge. Globalization has also expanded competition both geographically and to new areas. Competition between companies was mainly on products and services, at least to the extent that markets were protected from foreign competition. There is a wealth of economic evidence that demonstrates that globalization brings great benefits as well as costs. It offers the opportunity for a higher rate of sustainable growth- growth that translates into longer, healthier lives and improved living standards. But, if we look at another side of picture then it has been proven that some of the competitive obstacles often faced by the little fish in the big ocean. Compared to larger firms, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are generally less well-equipped to face increases in international trade. As a result of their lower productivity, many have found it difficult to compete. Also, given their limited resources, they have found it more difficult to take advantage of the removal of tariff barriers. Global markets are more integrated with more free flow of information, goods and services and migration. As a consequence of globalization we have seen the rise of the influence of large multi nationals, to the detriment of Small and Medium Enterprises. In response to this threat governments and supranational authorities have designed programs to protect and support these small firms to allow for their survival. Threat of globalization The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems for smaller firms like the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. (J.O Ajiboye, Adeyunke Tella University of Botswana) Smaller firms will find it difficult to compete on the global level as they lack the financial and technical resources that multinationals have. In addition they lack the economies of scale which results in lower cost per unit for the multi nationals. Pricing could be a challenge since the smaller firms are likely to have high costs per unit. Larger firms have the capacity to undercut the smaller firms prices as a consequence of this competition between smaller and large firm would erode margins of smaller firms and some of them would end up making loses and winding up. It would be difficult for smaller firms to attract a highly skilled work force because multi nationals have the capacity to pay better packages as they will have more financial resources. This would pose a challenge for smaller firms to operate efficiently and effectively. High promotional, advertising and branding costs are a barrier to entry for small firms Cultural and religious factors can also affect competitiveness of small firms. For instance, in countries where Islam is a dominant religion in which strict adherence to halaal standards is a requirement, small firms may find it difficult to penetrate the market or to survive in such markets. Import restrictions can also affect small firm competitiveness. For example, in some countries such as Egypt, where there is an import ban on raw materials small firms may find it difficult to penetrate in such markets without a diversified global market base. Smaller firms may find it a challenge on the global market in terms of meeting certain international standards imposed by certain markets. Export restrictions may also pose a problem. In some markets there are restrictive export regulations which, smaller firms find difficult to comply with e.g, small firms in Africa exporting agricultural produce into European markets such as honey or paprika. Membership of a Trading blocs such Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA, Southern African Development Community SADC and the European Union EU, inter alia, could be another source of hindrance to smaller firms. Countries that are not members of such trading blocs may find it difficult to trade with member countries. Further other government policies such as high taxes are a disincentive to investment. Small firms are likely to be affected by such taxes. Unlike multinationals, small firms are likely to suffer currency exchange losses. This is because small firms may not have capacity to hedge against such losses. Multinationals, operate in different markets and can easily cushion such effects. Multinationals have the capacity to produce better and cheaper goods as a result of the superior resource endowments such as modern technology and have larger budgets for research and development as compared to smaller firms. Purchase Power Parity is another factor to consider e.g, multinationals can procure inputs in countries where the currency has a higher PPP. Globalization poses new challenges for SMEs by leading them to at least partially integrate the consequent idea of global change in their strategy. The expansion of markets does not mean that only large businesses will be able to profit fully from this trend. There is no correlation between large market and large business. Whatever the cost, to encourage the competitiveness of large national businesses. A fish that has become bigger and bigger in its pond will be eaten when it reaches the sea; it is better to teach it how to fight when it is small so that it can deal with the competition, wherever it is. On the other hand, the internal factors constraining the globalization of SMEs are lack of experience on their part, insufficient resources and an excessive perception of risk. The major external factors are national information networks that are inadequate or poorly connected internationally, deficient complementary regional resources and assistance programs that are maladapted to SME requirements. In a number of countries, the positive factors appear to be gaining ascendance over the negative. The recently completed (1996) OECD study on market globalization and SMEs shows, on the one hand, that the major factors sustaining or accelerating SME globalization are as much a result of the internal dynamics of small businesses as of environmental support. In the first instance, searching for diversified growth, specific innovation-based production, and open-minded management capable of engaging the appropriate specialized resources, go a long way toward explaining the behavior of internationally open SMEs. The case of the environment presumes effective regional consulting, funding and logistical resources to support exports. (Pierre-Andrà © Julien Università © du Quà ©bec à   Trois-Rivià ¨res ) How Governments and other supranational authorities support small firms In order to support the small firms from the threats of globalization governments and other supranational have designed programmes to protect them as stated below. Examples of Supranational institutions that manage such programs are: Governments, COMESA, WTO, World Bank, AU, SADC,UN, ECOWAS, EU etc. Government support: Some of the different programs that must be designed include: Favorable bilateral and multilateral trade agreements which, support positive trade balances must be instituted by governments. This will ensure the growth of small firms thereby contributing to overall country growth. Governments should use their political influence to lobby for relaxed trade. Providing loan guarantees to small firms. Some of these guarantees involve partnerships with private banks or multilaterals such as the World Bank. Such policies help the smaller firm have access to finance. Governments also offer incentives and subsidies to allow the smaller firms compete on the international markets e.g. the Government of South Africa made deals with the Government of Zambia to allow a tax rebate of about five years also the EU also subsidies small scale farmers in the EU. Governments should introduce tax rebates on certain sectors of the industry e.g. in Zambia agricultural inputs are have zero tax to bring into the country to encourage more people engage in to agriculture and overall boost the economy for exports . Governments may devalue its currency to increase export volumes by allowing its exports to be cheaper e.g. China and Japan are practicing this. This should however be done carefully recognizing that it can be inflationary. Government should institute policies that encourage domestic trade through relevant monetary and fiscal policies. Government should encourage policies that support reduction of borrowing costs. Legal enactment of credit acts must be encouraged to protect the consumer. Government should provide grants to economic agents for capital injection. Government should encourage agencies such as the Zambia Development Agency which to provide support to help small and medium businesses become more innovative, efficient and competitive through a national network of services and support for eligible SMEs to access expert, practical advice and support tailored to their individual firms. 4.2 Supranational Support includes: Supranational authorities should introduce grants, loans and funding for small economies to encourage production and trade among countries. Supranational should endeavor to help less developed countries by exposing entrepreneurs to the international markets. Supranationals should facilitate trade expos to stimulate trade. eg traditional indigenous artifacts have found their way to the international markets. Fair trade policies play a bigger role in protecting trade, fair and stable price and institutes like the WTO should encourage this. Forums are another platform that these institutions have introduced to give a voice to the voiceless on issues of economic development e.g. G8 are encouraging world trade by adopting certain polices. Examples of supranational and their impact on globalization: 4.2.1. a International Monetary Fund (IMF) The IMF is a sister institution to the World Bank in the United Nations system. It shares the same international membership and the same goal of raising living standards in its member countries. It works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty. 4.2.1. b World Bank(WB) The World Bank Groups mission is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world. It is a development bank which provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit, grants, policy advice, technical assistance and knowledge sharing services to low and middle-income countries to reduce poverty. The Bank promotes growth to create jobs, and to empower poor people to take advantage of economic opportunities. The Bank is strongly committed to the Millennium Development Goals which target poverty. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) 4.2.1. c World Social Forum (WSF) The World Social Forum (WSF) is an amalgamation of many political/social movements from around the world. It was created to openly discuss alternatives to the model for globalisation formulated by the World Economic Forum, large multinational corporations, National Governments, IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. It is working to demonstrate that the path to sustainable development, social and economic justice lies in alternative models for people-centered and self-reliant progress, rather than in neo-liberal globalisation. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) 4.2.1. d World Trade Organisation (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) 5.0 Conclusion More and more SMEs are availing themselves of new material and immaterial technologies to increase their productivity. They are innovating to prolong the useful life of their products or to change these products. They are associating with large businesses or working in networks to boost their strike forces. These networks also provide them with international information to prevent them from being outpaced by change. But given the limitations of globalization, some Governments and supranational can have SMEs break away from increased competition by positioning them in specific niches. Globalization can offer as many opportunities for dynamic SMEs as obstacles for those that lag behind in modernizing their production processes or developing these niches which can give them at least temporary shelter from the pressures of new competition. There are social and economic costs to globalisation. Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform to help smaller firms. Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their standards of living are dropping further behind the richest countries. The gap in incomes between the 20% of the richest and the poorest countries has grown from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995 (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.). The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, like the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the developing world. The level of agricultural protection by rich countries has also been estimated to be around five times what they provide in aid to poor countries. Trade liberalization and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying the traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) References and Biography www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au www.worldbank.org/ www.forumsocialmundial.org. www.wto.org/ www.ausaid.gov.au/ Michael Porter Johnson and Scholes, 1993

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers and Veronica The black girl Thebedi is one of the main characters in the story "Country Lovers† She lives in South Africa under the apartheid which was a system of government which involved a segregation act between whites and blacks, so she hasn't as much rights as whites do, because of this she is restricted and hampered by her culture. The Educational system started with both white and black children in primary education where they spoke local dialect and then after that the white children went to secondary education where they learnt Standard English and the blacks went to work and learnt the language of authority. There was also at the time an Immorality act which was where it was illegal for a white person to have a relationship with a black person. This made Paulus Eysendyck and Thebedi keep the love with each other secretly â€Å"She had to get away before the house servants who knew her, came in at dawn† This shows they have compassion and determination to keep the relationship going. Paulus is in charge of the relationship for example â€Å"He told her each time, where to meet again†. Paulus and Thebedi have known each other since they were children. Paulus is son of the owner of the farm where Thebedi comes to work later in the story. Paulus is a white boy, and Thebedi is a black girl. They used to play on the farm as children and had primary education together. When he comes home for the holidays, he brought her presents, and Thebedi also give him a homemade bracelet. The bracelet is admired very much by his friends at school. Meanwhile, a black young man, Njabulo, falls in love with Thebedi, and wishes that he could be the ... ...ronica the most essential issue of the story and what it all amounts to is Tradition. The life Veronica led was steeped in tradition. Every aspect of the story is based around tradition. It was traditional for men to go off to work and women to stay in the home to cook, clean and look after the children. This would explain her lack off education and why the opportunity of going to a school as a child was not open to her. There was not as many opportunities open to women because it was unusual for women to go out to work or get a job. By tradition, men have the more dominant role. Veronica was a weak female so this would explain why she took unnecessary punishment of her father when she was younger. This also would explain why women as a whole where expected to stay at home. These are the reasons why I believe Veronica did not leave for the city with Okekà ©.

Essay --

Gun Control The time has come for our country to take action to reduce gun violence in America. Aurora, Colorado, Sandy Hook Elementary School, and most recently Arapahoe High School are only three of the recent atrocities. More than twenty mass shootings have taken place since 2009, yet many people still believe it’s acceptable to own guns. We, as a country, have suffered too many losses to not take action. No laws created can ever fully stop every act of violence, but there are ways to prevent the mentally ill, the suicidal, and criminally minded from buying guns and ammunition. If the government tries to ban people from owning every type of gun, we will get no where with the issue. The problem in our country is having access to assault rifles and handguns. Many assault rifles sold are semi-automatic, firing one round every time the trigger is pulled. For example, an AR-15 can fire between 45 and 60 rounds per minute. No civilian needs to have a gun this powerful; the only place they should be allowed is for military use. Having these types of guns available to the public ...

Comparing Brad Manning’s Arm Wrestling With My Father and Itabari Njeri

Comparing Brad Manning’s short story â€Å"Arm Wrestling With My Father,† and Itabari Njeri’s â€Å"When Morpheus Held Him†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship between a father and son stems from an unspoken competition in many countries. Whether it is a physical or mental rivalry the superior role slowly transcends on to the son as he grows into a man. In Brad Manning’s short story â€Å"Arm Wrestling With My Father,† and Itabari Njeri’s â€Å"When Morpheus Held Him,† both contain admiring sons and impassive fathers. Despite both stories similarities in unspoken emotions they differ in the aspect of their physical relationships. This unrequited bond between a father and son in these stories portray various types of love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout Brad Manning’s anecdote about arm wrestling he refers to his father as â€Å"the arm† or â€Å"the master with clenched fists.† The embodiment of his father in these empowered limbs shows the dominating figure once held over him. â€Å"Daddy,† was the only personal name Itabari Njeri’s father allowed him to say. If Njeri did not settle for â€Å"Daddy,† â€Å"Dr. Moreland† would have to due. There is a sterile and clinical connotation in referring one’s father as Doctor. Manning’s states,† the man would win,† also giving an impersonal and cold feeling to his â€Å"strong father.† But this impersonal name was not forced upon Manning as Njeri’s father had done. Manning’s â€Å"father-son† matches battling â€Å"arm against arm† was their only means of communication. Manning decodes his father’s crude â€Å"ritual,...

Micro-Environment Essay

1.0Background Information With the advent of gene technology, it is important to understand not only the phenotype of the organism but also the genotype. Previously, you should have learnt the analysis of genetic traits and the various ways where they can be transmitted from parents to children (by phenotype analysis). Each chromosome is divided into different sections called genes. Genes are the basis of inheritance where traits like hair colour and blood type are controlled by the production of proteins by these genes. Genes contain coded instructions that the body uses to assemble hundreds of different types of proteins that make an individual unique! These amazing trait controllers (genes) are made up of molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is a double-helical polymer bound together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairing nucleotides (A to T, G to C). A particular gene is a set of coded instructions made up of a particular order of nucleotides. The variation of which allows the myriad of codes to exist in an organism for it to be unique. This is what controls the genotype of an organism and henceforth, the extraction and isolation of an organisms DNA is imperative, in order to allow further insight into the organism using different molecular-based methods. In this experiment, you will be taking a closer look at this DNA molecule. You will be extracting your own DNA using buccal/cheek cells as the starting material. 2.1Materials Saline 15 ml centrifuge tube Paper cup Drinking water Vortex Centrifuge 10% SDS Bromelain protease (50mg/mL) Ice cold isopropanol Graduated pipettes 2.2Methods IMPORTANT NOTE: Ensure that you have not eaten in the past 1 hour before conducting this experiment (if you are the DNA donor). Ensure that gloves are worn at all times in the experiment. 1. Swish you mouth with about 100 mL drinking water, for about 20 seconds, to remove any food particles. Discard this wash into the sink. 2. Using a permanent marker pen, label your group name onto the paper cup and 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 10mL saline. 3. Pour all the 10mL saline solution into your mouth and vigorously swish for 60s. Do not discard the centrifuge tube. 4. Expel the saline mouthwash into the labelled paper cup. 5. Carefully, pour the saline mouthwash from the paper cup, back into the 15 mL centrifuge tube from step 2. Tightly cap the tube. 6. Pass the capped tubes to the laboratory technician in order to be centrifuged (4500 rpm, 5 min). 7. Upon centrifuging, you should be able to see your buccal cell pellet (the whitish lower solid layer at the bottom of the tube). Gently, pour away the supernatant (the liquid upper layer). 8. Place the tube on ice. 9. Add 2 mL saline into the tube and vortex for 5-10 seconds. 10. Add 1 mL 10% (w/v) sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) solution (active component in detergents). 11. Gently tap the tubes several times (~8 times) to gently mix the contents. You may invert the tube twice if needed. 12. On ice, add 2 – 3 drops of the lab supplied bromelain protease enzyme into the tube. 13. Gently tap the tubes several times (~8 times) to gently mix the contents. You may invert the tube twice if needed. 14. Cap the tube and place it is a 50oC for 10 minutes. 15. With a clean pipette, gently pipette in 10 mL ice cold isopropanol (95% v/v) slowly into the tube. Tip: Place the filled pipette with its tip against the inside wall of the test tube. Slowly allow the isopropanol to dribble down the inside of the tube. 16. Cap and place the tube in a test tube rack at room temperature for 10 minutes. DO NOT mix, shake, or bump the test tube during this period. 17. The isopropanol is lighter than the contents of the tube. When added according to the directions, the isopropanol will form a clear layer ABOVE the suspension. 18. Observe the test tube for 5 minutes. The DNA will gradually separate from the suspension and rise into the isopropanol layer. Describe the appearance of the DNA. 19. Take a photo as proof of your observation. 20. To remove the accumulated DNA from the tube, follow the directions for DNA spooling as below:- a. Gently insert the glass rod through the isopropanol layer into the clumped/accumulated DNA. b. Carefully, twirl the rod between your fingers, winding the DNA strands onto the rod. c. Slowly remove the rod. Describe the appearance of the spooled DNA. d. Take a photo as proof of your observation. 0. Questions 1. Which one of the following do you think will contain DNA? Explain your reasoning. Bananas; concrete; fossils; meat; metal; spinach; strawberries. 2. What effect would the SDS have on the cell membranes and cold ethanol on DNA? 3. What type of enzyme would be needed to separate the DNA into smaller pieces? 4. Is the DNA extracted pure enough for further applications (i.e. PCR)? 5. If you were to repeat the experiment with an equal number of red blood cells, the amount of DNA collected would either: increase / decrease / stay the same (choose one). Explain your answer. Adapted from:- Bres, M., Weisshaar, A., 2008. Thinking about Biology: An Introductory Laboratory Manual. 3rd Ed. Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey, USA. Pg. 333 – 338. Teaching AS Biology Practical Skills. University of Cambridge: International Examination. Pg. 74 – 78. 43 Practical 10 Digestion of Lambda (ÃŽ ») DNA with a Restriction Enzyme (EcoR I endonuclease) 1.0Background Information Restriction enzymes (nucleases) are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bonds on the sides of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These nucleases recognize specific DNA sequences in the double-stranded DNA, which is usually a four to six base pair sequence of nucleotides, and digests the DNA at these sites, resulting in the DNA becoming fragmented into various lengths. Some restriction enzymes cut cleanly through the DNA double helix while some produce uneven or sticky ends. By using the same restriction enzyme to cut DNA from different organisms, the sticky ends produced will be complementary and the DNA from the two different sources can be recombined. In humans, no two individuals have the exact same restriction enzyme pattern in the DNA except for identical twins. Restriction enzymes are named based on a system of nomenclature where the first letters represents the genus name of the organism whereas the next two letters come from the species name. If there is a fourth letter, it stands for the strain of the organism. Finally, if there are Roman numerals, it represents whether that particular enzyme was the first or second etc. isolated in that category. FIGURE 10.1 Cartoon of how EcoR I recognises the restriction site and cleaves the DNA. The second technique used in this practical is the separation and analysis of DNA fragments. Agarose gels are commonly used for this where the  gels that have been prepared with a suitable nucleic acid stain in it, have wells for the samples of DNA to go into. The agarose gel is covered in a suitable buffer so that the DNA is in a neutral pH solution. That way, the DNA moves one direction because of its charge. Since the phosphate groups on the skeleton of DNA are negatively charged, the whole molecule takes on the negative charge. Hence, when the DNA is placed inside the gel and the electricity is turned on, the poles are drawing the DNA toward the positive side, where it will then move through the gel and separate according to the size of the fragments. This technique is called electrophoresis. Results are obtained with the help of UV light that is refracted by the nucleic acid stain that sticks onto the DNA fragments. In this experiment, you will be using the EcoR I restriction endonuclease to digest a known DNA called phage lambda (ÃŽ ») and analysing your sample using agarose gel electrophoresis. 2.1Materials Pre-laboratory work Computer/laptop LambdaDNA.docx (Word document file) Laboratory work Micropipette Sterile pipette tips Microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL capacity) EcoR I (20 U/ µL) and buffer Distilled deionised sterilised water Agarose gel (prestained with EtBr) 1x TAE buffer Agarose gel electrophoresis set UV Transilluminator

The Heart Aroused

To use this word in the context of my own life and ally work Is definitely possible, but would be difficult, I think that destiny Is an extremely strong word that is not in enough people's vocabularies. I would say that the most common occasion that I hear this word is in the context of the phrase â€Å"you control your own destiny†. In my opinion, as click as this sounds, It Is very true and highly effective. Yes, destiny is a predetermined series of events, but you can still have a hand in with happens to your destiny. For example, the harder you work at something, the luckier you will get.People allow â€Å"barriers† In life to prevent them room achieving goals, instead of moving further down their journey in life. Q. How do I bring into my work the questions about my own destiny that enliven, embolden, and perhaps even scare me a little? What questions do I need to ask secretly and alone and what questions need support and conversation? A. As a student currently in college, I hold a large amount of power in my life, and what Is ahead of me. Obviously, I would like to someday have a job that I absolutely love and enjoy. But, this is not always easy.It is right now in my life that I must ask myself questions such as, â€Å"how doll want to live my life when I am older? Or â€Å"what lob will I be willing to put all of my heart and soul Into? â€Å". These questions are what I will attempt to base my studies and further learning upon. It is very scary to think about the future and what it will bring. Currently, I have absolutely no idea what I will be doing In the next five years. Yes, I have plans to graduate college and get a masters degree all in the next four years, but after that the road is open.I have no idea what I will be doing for a career, where I will be living, or who I will be friends with. I must work hard and carefully and be sure to make good decisions in the near true which will eventually lead me to destiny. Beowulf: Power a nd Vulnerability in the Workplace Q. What is my own equivalent of Grenade's mother? What clues or hints do I have as to what I find difficult to confront about myself? What are the things I find difficult to face about my own relationships to my work? What conversational waters must I enter that seem dark and fearful to me?What conversations are unspoken taboos in my organization? What is Grenade's mother for my organization? A. For something to be my own equivalent of Grenade's mother, it would have to be something I must overcome. It must be something I need to fight off to reach toys success. I would say Tanat my equivalent would De my coeducation. I Nils Is something that I must fight and work to overcome. Today, education is like a gateway to the rest of life. Without it, it is very difficult to go anywhere. If Beowulf did not kill Grenade's mother, he would have been killed, and his legend would not have continued on.There are many instances when I am not loyal to my work. I d o not put in nearly as much effort as I should. There are times when I only do enough to â€Å"get by', and I do not perform to my best ability. I need to begin to set goals to maximize my effort, which will allow me to defeat my equivalent to Grenade's mother. Q. Who are the people in the workplace with whom I can discuss matters of the heart? If I do not have a confidant in the workplace, where do I have the conversations that matter? A. For me, the workplace is the college environment.Luckily, I am surrounded with people that I can talk to about anything. First, I have my friends. These are people that I live with, and spends lot of time with. I feel comfortable talking with my closest friends about anything. Next are my professors. Although I am not real close with all of my professors, I definitely feel close enough to some of them that I can discuss matters of the heart. Fire in the Earth: Toward a Grounded Creativity Q. How often do I refuse the first steps towards my creati vity because I am not sure who will emerge at the other end?What are my favorite ways of sabotaging myself? What does â€Å"fire† feel like in my own life? When I think of my own creativity in my own flow, what days or hours of my life do I remember? If I could imagine my own creativity at full flow, how do I imagine or anticipate it would show itself? Having read the story of the Chinese potter at the end of the chapter, what is the work that would bake me to perfection? What is the part of myself that I have been holding back? A. Not a day goes by without me holding something back. There are far too many occasions when I find myself hiding from something.Sometimes in class I am afraid to share my views and ideas with the class because I am afraid of â€Å"sounding stupid†. I am refusing the first steps towards my creativity because I fear what is one the other side. I do not know what will happen. The results could be extremely positive or extremely negative. In my l ife, â€Å"fire† feels like the creativity I have once I release it. Once I finally let go, and allow myself to be free. There are certainly times in my life where I have done this. For example, I used to be the best artist in my art class. Yes, I was not displaying my creativity verbally, rather through artwork.This was my way of showing what creativity I have to offer. I think I shocked many of the students in the class because they were always so used to me holding it in. If I could see my creativity at full flow, I would be speaking constantly. Nothing would hold me back and I would be expressing all of my ideas. Fortunately, not only would this benefit me, but it would also benefit others. I think that this creativity that I tend to always hold back, if let out, would â€Å"bake me to perfection†. Fire in the Voice: Speaking Out at Work Q. What are the essential qualities conveyed by my voice?Is my voice strong enough to represent the inner core of my aspirations to the outer world? What are my mouse sounds? What are my lion sounds? Having read the story beginning this chapter, what story could I tell from my own life to illustrate a time I said Ten Instead AT Leer? How could I practice leaning my voice out Into my world Ana my aerospace more fully? How well do I say No to the things for which I do not have a Yes? When in my own life did No blossom into Yes? A. Voice is a very powerful tool that every individual in the world can potentially conquer. It is scary how influential one's voice can truly be.My voice at times can be loud, and other times can be awfully quiet. When chose to be quiet, I am not being myself. I am not allowing myself to open up be creative as spoken above. Unfortunately, only sometimes my voice can be strong enough to represent the inner core of my aspirations to the outer world. My mouse sounds are those used hen I am hiding, and not allowing myself to air out. For example, I use my mouse sounds when I let someone tal k down to me, and I do not fight back. My lion sounds are used when I will not take No for an answer, and I plead my case.There was one time where I also chose Ten instead of Zero. It was the end of the semester and I was rating one of my professors. I chose to Just give her all fives when she really deserved zeros. I did this because I was afraid of being the different one and possibly being questioned. I can hopefully someday learn to be able to say Zero, and backup my opinions. Finn and the Salmon of Knowledge: Innocence and Experience in Corporate America Q. How much of my day is spent trying to solve the problem and problems of life? How much of my day is spent attempting to live out the mystery of my existence?How much alone time do I give myself for this explanation? How much of my time with others am I truly present? A. There are always various problems in one's lifetime. As a result, I am spending most of my day trying to find solutions to these problems. In the workplace, one can have either experience or innocence in their voice. To have experience is to give in to hose with the authority. On the other hand, to have innocence in your voice is to make your own ways in the world no matter what the circumstances may be. Nobody really knows how alone they really are in the world.In contrary, there is no exact measurement of togetherness either. We must find a medium between the two that will allow us to balance the two. There are those times that you are physically with others, but are you truly present? Are you really completely in existence? I would say that most of the time I am with others, I am not really present. I am usually living inside my own brain, on my own and alone. Q. Taking this image of the orphan as a catalyst for my own thoughts, what would I want to claim as my true inheritance? By whom would I like to be raised? What is my lineage?Who are the people, writers, teachers, artists-?alive or dead-?who have both emboldened and steadied me ? What names would I shout out if confronted by Call Mac Con, so as to be recognized and not slain? A. My true inheritance is what I was brought up with. Because of my parents, I am who I am today. I was raised how they chose to raise and nurture me. In addition to them, I was raised also by those individuals close to me such as friends. Also, there were individuals in society such as teachers, music artists, political figures, and actors who have also steadied me.For example, I have had several teachers throughout my educational career that have strongly influence my inheritance. My favorite music artists and actors have also had a hand in making me who I am. There are political figures such as John F. Kennedy Ana Frankly D Roosevelt won nave Impacted my Tie. IT called upon Day call Mac con, I would shout from whom I am descended, where my strengths come from, and what kind of blood flows in my veins. Q. What does this story mean to me? How do I distinguish between passivity and fo llowing my heart's desires into the clearing?Do my strategic abilities serve me well or am I continually serving them? Do I believe I can have the life I want if only I can figure it out to be clever enough? What does it mean to love doing something? How much do I think I am stealing time when I am tending to the thing I love? How willing am I to place the people, places, and things I love first, not only in my home life, but in my work life too? How well have I preserved my innocence? A. This story to me, describes the importance of inheritance and lineage. In my life, I can be passive and Just sit back and relax. I can be uninvolved and not react to what is going on around me.On the other hand, I can follow my heart's desires and be all that I want to be. I must figure out what my strategic abilities are, and not serve them, rather they will serve me. To love doing something is to be passionate. To love something, you must be willing to put it first, before anything else. People c an love other people and people can also love places or things. To preserve one's innocence though, one must be able to put these things they love first. I can say that I have earned to do this pretty well. Coleridge and Complexity: Facing What is Sweet and What is Terrible Q.If I were asked to state the basic principles of my life in the simplest and clearest way possible, how would I articulate them? How much resemblance does my daily work like bear toward these principles? How well does my organization embody the things I deem most important? How do I remember these simple elements on a daily basis; what disciplines do I have for remembering them? How much quiet time do I make for myself in order to remember? A. My basic principles of my life are guidelines that I live my life by. These principles for me are honesty, respect, and love.Honesty is Just so important because being truthful is the best way to go. Lying is never a good strategy, no matter what the situation may be. Res pect is also very important to me because it is the best way to live life. When I respect others, I expect to be respected in return. Lastly, love is very important in life because everyone must admire something. Whether you love a person, place, or thing it is still very important to feel passionate about something. My daily work resembles these principles because I have learned how to live by them. I also hope that my organization deems my basic principles most important also.Throughout my lifetime, I have learned how to acknowledge these principles naturally and no longer need to discipline myself in order to remember. Q. How much time do I spend imagining? What does it mean to have faith in my own images? What is one abiding image inside me in which I could choose to have a faith? When chaos reigns around me, how do I react? What instinctual internal images could make a difference to my response? How do I work with others without forming a flock? A. I spend a lot of time imagini ng. It is my time to get away from what I am doing and not be â€Å"bounded by my office cubicle†.An imagination shows a different side of things, completely separate from the ordinary. To have faith in my own images, I must understand their meanings. When there is chaos, I use my Imagination to get away Ana Trot some Kina AT order . Nine Soul AT ten world: lower an Ecological Imagination Q. How much attention do I pay to the world around me? How self-preoccupied am I? Do I let anything in from the outside at all? How self-preoccupied is my organization? How do I see other people in my organization-?are they Just a boning backdrop to my own drama or doll really take time to see they have lives and destinies of their own?How much time do I spend in the natural world or environments outside the world of work that help me put my own struggles in perspective? A. I think that one must pay a large amount of attention to the world around him. Other individuals are Just as important as the actual being himself. Many problems can arise when someone is too self-preoccupied and does not value others around them. I think that one is too alone when he or she does not let anything in from the outside. Goals cannot be achieved when one is too self- reoccupied.Today, people are commonly self-preoccupied by their appearance, and reputation. In addition, my organization is also too self-preoccupied by the same things. They are too worried about what others think about them. My organization sees others outside of the environment as Just a moving backdrop to what lies inside. Q. What is that place, that room, that certain time of day in my own life? A. There are several places in my life that I can go to get away. For example, my car is that â€Å"place† for me. Other places such as the library, my bedroom, and the outdoors are all places that I can also use to â€Å"get away'.