Strategies for Password Cracking

Strategies for Password Cracking Abdulmalik Nasser The aim of my project is to give ICT students an idea of the mechanism of cracking password using an using John the ripper. I will also explain the process that the application does to crack a password. Moreover,I will talk about password complexity. how does the complexity increase the cracking time? are there intractable passwords? why? encryptions . Finally , I will explain different types of cracking like brute force, dictionary attack etc. Password cracking is one of the oldest hacking arts. Every system must store passwords somewhere in order to authenticate users. However, in order to protect these passwords from being stolen, they are encrypted. Password cracking is the art of decrypting the passwords in order to recover them. Passwords are the most common means of authentication. Passwords are protected by using one-way cryptographic algorithms that produce a hash of set length. Cryptography can only protect something to the point where the only feasible attack on the encrypted secret is to try and guess it. However, in the case of passwords guessing is easy. Passwords are insecure by nature because they are used for preventing humans from guessing a small secret created by humans. To understand how to get a good understanding about password, we have to understand how they are stored in a system. To store a password in a text form is strongly unacceptable. The same thing when storing the passwords deep in tree of directories that would result in Security through Obscurity and this is also unacceptable. Unix management file system gives an acceptable solution: one of the main distributions of Multicast (the precursor to Unix) stored the file of password in a clear text, but it can be seen by a super user only. This was a improper solution. Also caused a bug to which switching some temporary file and showed the password in text being printed for all the clients when they login. Unix instead of doing that, saves the passwords that were hashed in the password file and not the actual passwords. After that, as the user puts his password , the system has the ability to simply compare the hash of the user password input and it will be compared with the stored hash value [1]. Â   Â   3.1 What a complex password should include. Figure 1 what password combination should include. A strong password should include what is listed in Fig1 in order to be complex password. so, what complex password means that password that include :Upper lower case letters, symbols and numbers getting that password is an extreme power consumption and time wasting for any password cracker [2]. 3.2 Common passwords Figure 2 : the most common passwords According to a study that was accomplished by David Bisson in 2014 . The result shows the most common passwords that are used on the Internet which any cracker would definitely add to his word list. These are typical example of an obvious passwords and easy to crack unfortunately. Easy passwords like what is shown above is very easy to guess it would not even use processor of the cracker it will be in his word list, because these passwords are the most common passwords at all time. So, any password cracker would definitely start cracking the password with guessing such passwords [3]. Figure 3: TOP 100 password hints by category [4] Fig3 shows the result of a study that was done by Troyhunt shows how people choose their password. Guessing a password from the E-mail address: Figure 4: Passwords derived from the email address [4] Figure 5: Number of Password combinations alphanumeric Password [5] The table above shows number of possibilities based on the password length so, any digit of the password is considered as process loop. Each digit can have 64^ the number of digits. Imagine having 13 characters that 64 raised to the power of 13 its an extremely big number of combination that the cracker has to try. Its extreme based on the source of the cracker processor and its also based on time. 3.3 Password complexity and Time Complex password is extremely important for securing your data and information. Most of the people think their password is being hacked or sniffed but the main reason for their password was not complex so, the depending on the assigned password the time will be proportional for example, three digit numeral or alphabet password ahc, 897, or even abc432 would take less than a second for cracking. However,[emailprotected] would take almost a month to be cracked, because the cracking cycle will go checking numbers,alphabet,and symbols and that is why complex password is strongly required [6]. The quicker your PC can hash passwords, the more you can crack in a given certain of time, and that results in a better chance of having of cracked passwords. We used John The Ripper because it is an open source cracking tool which is available on almost all Linux distros. However, it is not usually the best choice. John runs depending upon the CPU, but password hashing can be launched really efficiently depending upon graphics cards. Hashcat is password cracking tool that can run on graphics cards, and on the right hardware can do much better than John. Password cracking computers most of the time have number high-performance GPUs and depend on these for their rapidity . You might not find Hashcat in your distros repositories, but its downloadable on www.hashcat. net (itsfree as in zero cost, but not free as in free software) [7]. 5.1 Cracking tools and applications 5.1.1 Aircrack-ng its a free network hacking tool which include packet sniffer,detector, and various of encryption types cracker. Moreover, it includes Analysis tool that works with WLAN. In addition, this tool can sniff and monitor packets which travels from one person to another. This tool can run in a verity of platforms eg, FreeBSD, OSX, Wubdows, OpenBSD and Linux. Maemo, Zaurus and Android platforms 5.1.2 Crow bar This tool is exclusive on Linux operating systems. It is a free tool that runs a type of password cracking technique called Brute Force. It doesnt save a list of passwords, but try every possible combination of a password. this tool is supporting remote Desktop Protocol with NLA, VNC key authentication, open VPN and SSH private key authentication. 5.1.3 L0phtCrack This is a recovery password auditing app designed by Mudge. It was written to crack windows encrypted passwords. Moreover, it can crack from Primary domain controllers, and network servers or Active Directory. It also allows the user to sniff a password off the wire. This tool can go further and create many methods for guessing a password. It can work only on Microsoft Windows OS. 5.1.4 Medusa It a tool that is designed to be a strong, fast login using brute force. The purpose of this tool is to work with a lot of services remotely at the same time. That means this tool can not only brut force only one host but multiple hosts and passwords at a time. The targeted information can be registered in different methods. So each entry can be single information or file with many entries.Each mod file is for separate mod file . Meaning , this is needed for brute forcing. It is a free tool and Medusa works on Linux and MAC OS X operating systems. 5.1.5 Ophcrack This is a rainbow table that discovers passwords and crack a complex passwords. Moreover, it can crack simple passwords within minutes.In order to get the great advantage of this tool the user has to buy what is so-called rainbow tables to crack complex passwords.This tool is free runs on Linux,Microsoft Windows and MAC operating system. 5.1.6 RainBow Crack This tool is free and runs on Linux,Microsoft Windows, and MAC OS. It is specialized in hash cracking . It is a common brute force cracking tool that tries every combination of plaintext and that results in time consuming for complex passwords. It does not only crack passwords only but store the result in a library called(Rainbow tables).The brute force process takes extremely long time to be done but when using precompute tables it is one of the fastest cracking tool. 5.1.7 SolarWinds This tool works on Windows only .It is also known as FireWall Security Manager. It is the best solution for any company that needs reports and advanced management on their sensitive devices. It can be configured to allow multiple clients to be deployed at Multiple system administrators at once. It also features network discovery router password decryption , SNMP brute force cracker and TCP connection reset application. 5.1.8 THC hydra This tool is free and works on all the operating systems except MAC. This tool allows the user to remotely break into a system and crack a password using different protocols. It crack using fifty protocols. it can crack a network login. it crack the password using the dictionary or brute force attacks. It also features login brute force attack. 5.1.9 Wfuzz This is a free tool that works on Linux Windows and Mac Os. it features the following :multiple injection points capability, recrusion when doing dictionary brute force, Post headers and authentication data brute force, out put to HTML, Proxy and SOCK support. It is usually used to brute force web applications and to find user name and password [8] [9]. 6.1 Overview John the ripper is the best cracking tool ever. John the ripper comes with two versions the popular version is free and there is a pro version which is commercial version. It runs on many platforms like DOS, Unix, BeOS, Win32 and OpenVMS. It is similar to THChydra but the main difference is that Hydra is Online password cracker whereas John the ripper is offline password cracker. It is usually used by hacktivists for penetrating passwords. John the Ripper is a fast password cracker. Period. In fact, you can consider John The Ripper as the definitive password hacking tool. Johnny is a graphical interface that can replace John the ripper to simplify the cracking process instead of using the command line interface. it comes by default with kali Linux. 6.2 John the ripper features Decrypt most guessing hashes using wordlist dictionaries. Ability to specify guessing with certain letters and symbols assigned by the user without using the dictionary. Ability to decrypt more than hash at once. Automatically detect the type of the hash. Rapidly crack passwords. ability to continue guessing process that has started earlier from another device [10] [11]. 6.3 How does John the ripper work? John the ripper cracks the password in four main Modes: 6.3.1 WordList Mode Its the simplest technique that mainly allows the user to assign what is so-called word lists which is a text file includes a password in each line and some password files. Also features the ability of generating other likely password files. 6.3.2 Single Crack Mode this is the mode a user should start cracking with. It assigns the login names. Moreover, it uses GECOS which contain personal information about the user, user home dictionary, also several of rules applied. It also have got the ability to crack other password hashes if guessing is success, it would try the same password for all the hashes because more likely there will be another user with the same password. Usually the administrator should have an access to the a file which contains the users information and passwords. Finally, single mode is much faster because it cracks single password at a time. The user can also use this mode in two different files at the same time [12]. 6.3.3 External Mode To define an external cracking mode you need to create a configuration file section called [List.External:MODE], where MODE is any name that you assign to the mode. The section should contain some functions programmed in a C-like language. John will compile and use the functions if you enable this cracking mode via the command line 6.3.4 Incremental Mode. This is the most effective and powerful cracking mode. It assigns every possible combination of characters for cracking passwords . but it still have a disadvantage which is the cracking process will keep running and will never stop because the tried combination password characters are too large. there for, crackers usually limit the character combinations to lower case so, it doesnt take as much time as if its not set. It uses what is so-calledtrigraph process for example: (aa, ab,ac,etc,), (ba,bc,bd,be,baa,bba etc,) it would not miss any password combination every combination will be tried. Its main advantage is to crack a password in a limited time [11] [10]. 7.1 Brute force attack This technique of password attack That is not actually decrypt any data, but also continue trying a list of password combination eg, words, letters .A simple brute force could be dictionary of all words commn passwords. doing trying cycle until it gets the access to an account. the complex example of brute force is trying every possible combinations of numbers, letters and symbols. However, this technique is the has to be the last option for any cracker because it can take long and the bigger number of encryption (64-32-265)bit the longer time it will take for cracking. 7.2 Dictionary attack This type of password where the cracker can assume the password consisting of string of words, Years, or special number that is chosen from the dictionary. This tool has to be included with what is so-called dictionary input list. The cracker can download a big database including specific vocabularies for example, Sports, movies, and so on. 7.3 Password sniffing This technique called sniff because the the crackers have the ability to sniff the authentication packets that are travelling from the client to the server among the Internet or the local area network. This technique can provide the cracker with hashes or other authentication data necessary for cracking process. There are verity of sniffers tools such as Wireshark,ScoopLM,KerbCrack. The NTLNv2 authentication traffic cannot be sniffed neither by ScoopLM nor Kerbcrack. 7.4 Password capturing Alot of crackers get passwords easily by launching a keyboard sniffing Trojan horse or buying a physical keyboard logging device.According to many reports 82% of the most widely used viruses steal critical data.Most of them sniff passwords. Less than a $100 anyone can get key logging device which is very small and can simply fit between the keyboard and the computers keyboard port. Its also extremely easy to sniff password even from wireless keyboards [13]. To conclude, First, There are verity of applications and tools that you could crack any password. Second, protecting your password requires using strong password. Moreover, there is nothing called uncrackable password its just a matter of time and resources. Finally, the only thing you can do is using strong password and keep changing your password from time to time. [1]M. Tokutomi and S. Martin, Password Cracking. [2]Chit Ko Ko Win, Password management for you, 08:57:17 UTC. [3]D. Bisson, Cracked Ashley Madison passwords consistent with years of poor security, Graham Cluley, 16-Sep-2015. . [4]The science of password selection, Troy Hunt, 17-Jul-2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.troyhunt.com/science-of-password-selection/. [Accessed: 16-Feb-2017]. [5]jsheehan2014, Choosing a Password: Needle in a Haystack, MACED Tech Resource, 15-May-2015. . [6]How Long Would it Take to Crack Your Password? Find Out! Randomize, Random ize. [Online]. Available: http://random-ize.com/how-long-to-hack-pass/. [Accessed: 15-Feb-2017]. [7]B. Evard, JOHN THE RIPPER, linuxvoice, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.linuxvoice.com/issues/008/john.pdf. [Accessed: 13-Feb-2017]. [8]Wfuzz, Concise Courses. . [9]10 Most Popular Password Cracking Tools, InfoSec Resources, 27-Dec-2016. [Online]. Available: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/10-popular-password-cracking-tools/. [Accessed: 27-Feb-2017]. [10]ports, John the Ripper, 18-Feb-2014. [Online]. Available: http://tools.kali.org/password-attacks/john. [Accessed: 19-Feb-2017]. [11]John the Ripper cracking modes, openwall. [Online]. Available: http://www.openwall.com/john/doc/MODES.shtml. [Accessed: 20-Feb-2017]. [12]passwords What exactly is single mode in John the Ripper doing?, Information Security Stack Exchange, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/37072/what-exactly-is-single-mode-in-john-the-ripper-doing. [Accessed: 20-Feb-2017]. [13]Types of Password Attacks, windowsitpro, 30-Jan-2006. [Online]. Available: http://windowsitpro.com/security/types-password-attacks. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2017].

King Lear is a Christian Play About a Pagan World Essay examples -- Wi

King Lear is a Christian Play About a Pagan World It is evident that King Lear contains references to both the Christian and Pagan doctrine. However, they seem to be expressed in entirely different styles. King Lear is purposefully set in a pre Christian era with numerous references to classical Gods but conversely there appears to be a striking resonance of Christian theology throughout the play. These echoes appear in various forms including the idea of Edgar being a Christ-like figure and also the presence of a supposed divine justice. Therefore there is truth in the view that although King Lear has a pagan setting, its significance is ultimately relating to Christianity. Perhaps the most obvious way in which Shakespeare creates the pagan setting is through the specific mentions of non-Christian gods. When looking at the first scene it is apparent Shakespeare has deliberately seasoned it with pagan references, an example being Lear's response to Cordelia's unwillingness to speak, 'by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hecate and the night'. Shortly after this, Lear's rage is aimed at Kent for his defence of the king's supposedly wicked daughter, when he swears, 'by Apollo' and 'by Jupiter'. Another instance that shows Lear appealing to deities rather than the Christian belief of a singular being occurs during his exposure to the storm on the heath, 'Let the great Gods, That keep this dreadful pudder o'er our heads, Find out their enemies now.' All these quotes therefore demonstrate that King Lear is deliberately set in a pre-Christian era. However, this is not conclusive evidence that... ...ester's attempted suicide and the implication of Kent's without arousing shock and disapproval from the paying audience, as it was believed that such behaviour prevailed in this 'unnatural' era. In conclusion, the view that King Lear is 'a Christian play about a pagan world' is entirely plausible. The characters openly speak to and appeal to non-Christian gods and they doubt divine justice, suggesting that, 'They kill us for their sport.' This therefore creates a pagan setting for the play. However, there are definite Christian ideas running throughout the play which manifest themselves mainly in Edgar and Lear. Therefore, there is an inclination to agree with J C Maxwell, as despite the setting of the King Lear being Christian, its morals and concepts of atonement and redemption, lean towards Christian theology.

Forenisic Review Questions Essay

Review Questions 1. What are the three types of fingerprints found in the human population? How often does each occur? Loop, Whorl and Arch. Loop occurs in 60-65 percent of the population, Whorl occurs in 30-35 percent, and Arch only about 5 percent. 2. What is a medulla? What do forensic scientists use this for? A set of cells that runs through a hair. Forensic Scientists use this to distinguish animal hair from human hair. 3. What is a precipitin test? What is it used for? A precipitin test is a test to distinguish between animal and human blood. It is used to tell whether the blood found is from a human or animal. 4. What makes fingerprints individual? How do scientists match a fingerprint to a specific person? The individuality of fingerprints is due to ridge characteristics. They look for point-by-point comparisons in order to determine whether two fingerprints are the same. 5. How are fingerprints discovered at crime scenes? Devices like the RUVIS help to find fingerprints along with fingerprint powders. Critical Review Questions 1. Of the three types of physical evidence discussed in this module, which one do you think you would be most interested in working with in an investigation? Why? I think I would be most interested in working with blood. Working with blood would be interesting because you can gather a lot of information from the smallest of blood samples. Such as where the person was when the blood splattered from them and if it’s human or animal blood. 2. What do you think would be the most challenging aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples? Why? I think the most challenging aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples would be matching it to a particular person. I think this would be difficult because hair samples can vary in age and location. Plus studying hair is key because it can eliminate possible suspects based on its properties. Such as texture, length, color, and chemicals. 3. Why do you think forensic scientists study bloodstain patterns? What can be learned from them? Forensic scientists study bloodstain patterns to determine what took place at the crime scene. Things that can be learned is the direction the blood was traveling in, angle at  which the blood hit the surface, and it can help determine the spot where the blood came from. 4. Out of the types of evidence discussed in this module, which one do you think is the most important piece of evidence? Why? I think the most important piece of evidence is blood. Blood is the most important because it’s actual DNA that can link the exact person to a crime scene. Unlike hair blood is more reliable because it rules out other possible choices. 5. Why was the bite mark evidence so important in the Bundy case? If the case happened today, do you think investigators would have more information to work with? The bite mark evidence was so important because it was the only substantial piece of evidence that could prove Bundy committed the crimes. Investigators might have more information to work with maybe they would find fingerprints and hairs at the crime scenes with the proper equipment.

Amelie essays

Amelie essays Follow the Blue Arrows: Looking Closely at One Part of Amlies Spectrum The color blue is used symbolically in the visual design of Amlie to represent happiness. Watching Amlie to gather info on the visual design of the film lends itself to the realization that to write a paper on the overall visual design of the film would take dozens of viewings and a book worth of analysis. With that in mind, the focus of this analysis is on a repeated visual design theme: the timely, strategic, and meaningful placement of blue lighting and blue objects to augment and represent the themes of the story, specifically, the theme of happiness. The main set colors in Amlie are green red and yellow. Volumes could be written about the set design, color, and decoration, and how it illustrates each characters personality, but as stated earlier the focus is the importance of the use of the color blue in the set, the props, characters clothing, and lighting. Compared to the reds and greens blue is relatively rare, but very easily noticeable throughout the movie. While it is possible that blue objects coincidently appear at important times, and rarely anywhere else, knowing Jean-Pierre Jeunets reputation as a highly visual (see The City of Lost Children), fastidious (this was the first movie Jean-Pierre Jeunet shot on location and, due to the lack of control, it will likely be the last), and preparatory (shots, angles, lenses, and camera movements were decided days in advance on storyboards) director, the chance of coincidence becomes slim. The color blue represents the main characters Amlie and Nico search for happiness and the things that make them happy. When Amlie sees Nico after spending the night in a photo booth and we see Amlies feelings for Nico, there is a large blue backlit poster on the wall behind him. When Nico runs off to ch...

The United States

The United States Introduction The cold war emerges as significantly distinctive in U.S. relations with Latin America because ideological considerations acquired a primacy over U.S. policy in the region that they had lacked in earlier moments. From the late 1940s until about 1960, ideology was just one of the important factors in the design of U.S. policy towards Latin America. In its subsequent conduct of the key aspect of its policy towards Latin America, the U.S. government often behaved as if it were under the spell of ideological demons.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United States-Latin America Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the end of the cold war, U.S. presidents have all placed Latin America at the center of their foreign policies arguing that the region is integral to the role of the U.S. interests (Smith 2). However, the truth of the matter is that the U.S. gestures towards Latin America have been a c ontinuity of its Cold War ideologies in the region (Stokes 2). In order to understand the nature of U.S. relations with Latin America in a better way, it is important to first understand what really caused the Cold War. In his book titled Talons of the Eagle, Peter Smith observes that the Cold War was an ideological struggle and not just a contest between superpowers. To that end, the U.S. was prepared to pay any price and bear any burden to deal with what it perceived to be an evil empire. Actually, most U.S. elites and much of the public believed profoundly in the righteousness of their cause and deeply feared and loathed what they understood as communism. This ideology explains U.S. military intervention, direct and indirect, and other belligerent U.S. actions during the Cold war. Actually, the Cold War as Smith (8) explains did not give birth to the significance of ideological themes either in U.S. foreign policy generally or in U.S. relations with Latin America specifically. Sm ith says that this was all a part of the Monroe Doctrine, which had sought to quash any attempt by the surrounding powers to â€Å"extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere† thus posing danger to the peace and safety of the U.S (Smith 8). Actually, Smith notes that it was not just their power but also their system, which was essentially different that Monroe sought to keep in check (Smith 9). From these facts, it now becomes easy to see how the U.S. has continued its policies in the Latin region. After the Cold War, Latin American politics quickly became ideological as dictators wrapped themselves in the cloak of anti-communism to be accepted by a Washington, which was at that time more concerned with carrying out its ideologies than promoting democracy.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This conflicted expediency is crystallized in John F. Ken nedy’s assessment of the situation of the Dominican Republic in 1961. In trying to access the situation, President Kennedy observed that â€Å"there are three possibilities in descending order of preference: a descent democratic regime, a continuation of the Trujillo regime, or a Castro regime. We ought to aim at the first but we cannot renounce the second until we are sure we can avoid the third† (Smith 142). What this means is that no matter the actions taken by the Dominican State, America was willing to do anything within its power to restore what it believed to be a functional government. Indeed, the range of dynamic interaction between the United States and what Smith would call collaborationist regimes is as broad as between the United States and regimes of resistance. According to Smith (194), President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs operation in 1961 even before Castro had declared his revolution to be Socialist and admitted his own Marxism. In fact, Smith i s not alone in his claim that the U.S. is continuing its Cold War ideologies in the Latin American region. In her book titled Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America, American author Patrice McSherry argues that the invasion on Condor was an organization of â€Å"paramilitary and parapolice groups operating in the nebulous zone between military command and partial autonomy, creating terror, eliminating democratic rights, and keeping the population fearful and politically inert† (McSherry 243). McSherry’s story compellingly relates how the Latin American paramilitary operations of the mid-to-late-1970s represented a shadowy covert war, significantly aided by U.S. military assistance to fight individuals or groups deemed to be a threat to the United States (McSherry 18). As the global realities around the globe have been changing, America has also changed its mode of operation in dealing with Latin American countries (McSherry 2). In December 1 989, President Bush ordered a military invasion of Panama to overthrow its government accused of participating in drug trafficking. The ‘restoration’ of democracy to Panama was also cited as a goal of the U.S. invasion. In the years that followed, not much progress was made towards ending Panama’s role in international money laundering-the main role Panama had long had in this international trade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United States-Latin America Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the U.S. destruction of the Panamanian military did make a direct and powerful contribution to setting a sounder basis for democracy in Panama. The same scenario was replicated in September 1994 when President Clinton ordered the U.S. invasion to occupy Haiti and overthrow its government (Smith 130). Apart from using direct military invasions, America has also been trying other means to en sure that it keeps the Latin American region under subordination. In his book titled America’s Other War, author Doug Stokes notes the case of Colombia, which is used by the U.S. to carry out its foreign policies in the region. Over the years, Colombia has been receiving financial assistance and military assistance from the U.S. Although this might be a welcome move, the motivation behind it has not been lost to critics like Stoke. Currently, Colombia finds itself in the precipice of civil war entrenched in a model of neoliberal economics and general subordination to the United States. According to Stoke, 3% of the wealthiest Colombians own over 70% of the farming land, while 57% subsist on less than 3% of the same land (129). Stoke notes that the ratio of income between the wealthiest and poorest 10% was 40:1 in 1990 and rose to 80:1 a decade later. In this manner, Stoke (130) concludes that America has succeeded in shelving all political and legal events in Colombia and all that the people now think of is the economy. Conclusion U.S. relations with Latin America during the Cold War exhibited important continuities with preceding U.S. policies. The Cold War years proved distinctive, however, because anti-communist ideological objectives overwhelmed other U.S. foreign policy goals towards Latin America in each case when the United States chose to deploy its military or chose to overthrow a Latin American government through some other means. When the ideological fear of communism was absent, the United States did not deploy its military forces but used other covert means to destabilize Latin American governments with a view of ensuring that they have the upper hand in the region, as it is currently the case in Colombia. Indeed, America took the Cold War so seriously such that its gestures towards Latin America are a continuity of its Cold War ideologies in the region. The only difference in these ideologies is that the latter is currently being turned i nto constructive ways due to the changing global realities. As McSherry rightly puts it in her book, if the American government is not in the battle front line, then it is behind the scenes with the Latin American military and intelligence forces providing resources, administrative assistance, intelligence and financing.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McSherry, Patrice. Predatory  States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Roman and Littlefield, 2005. 18-243. Print. Smith, Peter. Talons of the Eagle: Latin America, the United States, and the World. Oxford University Press, 2007. 2-194. Print. Stokes, Doug. America’s Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Zed Books, 2005. 2-130. Print.

Theories of Nursing Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Nursing - Research Paper Example One of the central tenets of Benner’s work is the idea that care forms the central aspect of nursing, that it allows a nurse to better connect to a patient, to better administer care, and to better see possible problems and situations before they arise (Alligood, 2002, 157). Though I agree to a certain extent with the primacy of care to any practical nursing environment, I believe that care can only be of actual use to a nurse if he or she has the advantage of experience to guide them in how to best support their patients. Much of my recent practice has been as a primary triage nurse for an (unfortunately) over-crowded emergency room. This emergency department has fifty-three adult patient beds and it is up to me to decide how they are best used in most situations, only changing significantly when patients develop new symptoms or problems become apparent after the triage process has already begun. In a recent experience I had fifty-two beds filled with extremely high priority patients, something of a nightmare, and nearly simultaneously had six patients presenting the extremely distressing symptom of chest pains, all describing them in nearly identical ways. I obviously had only one bed to give until other beds cleared from patients being released or transferred, and had to make one of the most difficult decisions I ever had to make as a triage nurse. I realize in retrospect that I naturally applied many of Benner’s theories of Person, Environment, Health and Nursing to the situation at hand without necessarily realizing it at the time. Obviously, in a triage situation, two of the aspects of this theory most directly applied to what I was doing in practice – Health and Nursing. In a triage setting two things are important: identifying the patient most in need of care (or in extreme triage situations, the person to whom care will be most useful) and as a nurse finding the best and most efficient way to identify the best and most effective me thods of allowing them to receive that care. So I had to identify which of these people was the most unwell, and how I could best act to make them better, whilst simultaneously trying to get the other five the care they needed as fast as humanly possible. My education certainly played a significant role in my decision. In nursing school, I learned how to differentiate between a wide variety of chest pains, to use specialized language (such as throbbing, stabbing, dull, sharp and so on) to help weed out the possible causes of a wide variety of pains, and thus by knowing their causes apply the best care to the group of six as possible, which in this case meant getting the most serious case a bed as soon as possible. Likewise, I had an academic knowledge of how to use pain scales to help identify patients based on their level of pain from one to ten, with one being nearly nothing and ten being the worst level of pain possible. Using this academic knowledge I was able to quickly dismiss two of the cases as most likely being caused by acid reflux (burning pain high in the esophagus with relatively moderate pain scale) and patients who were, though taking a good precaution by seeking medical care, probably not in need of emergency services in an urgent fashion. Following this, however, the situation became much more difficult. Two of the people I

Tuberculosis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Tuberculosis - Term Paper Example According to the World Health Organization (WHO) approximates, nearly ten million new patients get TB annually, and that around 2 million people died from TB worldwide during 2010. Nonetheless, if TB is identified near the beginning and properly treated, people with the disease soon become non-infectious and are finally cured. Poor cure has caused outbreak of mycobacterium TB strains that do not respond to treatment with regular first line combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs, causing the â€Å"emergence of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis in almost every country† (Bynum, 2012). Tuberculosis is a matter of universal apprehension and a key focus for prevention and control attempts for CDC along with its collaborators throughout the world. The universal program to end TB (2011 - 2015) has marked the objective of 50 percent drop in TB pervasiveness and casualty rates by 2015, in comparison with 1990 levels. CDC chips in to the accomplishment of these objectives by working to enhance the level of TB control plans globally in countries nations with an increased stress of TB and those that add considerably to TB stress within the United States. CDC offers significant scientific sustenance to global collaborators for epidemiology as well as inspection, together with assistance for drug-resistant TB; laboratory support; medical and operational research that assesses hopeful analytics, cure and avoidance approaches. CDC is presently involved with activities to endorse the up-gradation of the â€Å"three is intensified case finding, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control† (Connolly, 2008) and early start of ART for individuals residing with HIV in lesser resource nations with TB/HIV syndemics. CDC’s global TB management activities are largely carried out in high-burden nations and nations of origin for foreign-born US TB cases, collaborating with MOHs and other collaborators to make sturdy national TB programs. CDC has a vital part in