The History of Skin Art Essay Example

The History of Skin Art Paper Tattoos or skin art as it is commonly called, seems to be the latest fashion trend today. Everywhere you look someone else is getting inked, be it could be the college student, the young mom next door, or the executive in his business suit. The history, selection, safety , and care along with some removal methods are not always obvious nor is a non-permanent alternative. All these things and more will be revealed in a few short moments. The history of skin arts beginnings are some what unclear. Some people like tattoo artist Erik Reime think that it goes back to biblical times, in fact it could be conceived that GOD created the first tattoo when he put the mark upon Cain (3). For others it originated n Egypt or as V. Wageman reviews in Victoria Lautmans book The New Tattoo the first tattoo may have come about when some stone age klutz fell down near a hearth[and] found charcoal embedded in his flesh(8). We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Skin Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Skin Art specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Skin Art specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through out history we can see that tattoos have served a variety of purposes. They have been the distinguishing mark of a slave or a ruler, they were and still are used in prisons and more recently have become a means of personal expression. In the eighteenth century Capt. James Cook brought back to England some tattooed South Sea islanders. Cooks seamen were among the first westerners to have full body tattoos. From there tattoos progressed to the US where slaves were branded with their owners name or some other distinguishing mark. In a web page written and maintained by Robert Birkins we can see how skin art was also used in the prison camps of the former soviet union where a complex language was developed using tattoos as symbols. Such languages have been studied by specialists in hopes of cutting crime rates in the USSR. Some examples of prison tattoos are: Insert From there we progress to modern day, where skin art has become an avenue of self expression. In our generation the tattoo is seen more as who you are than as a political statement or brand. Tattoos today are about experiences, feelings, and a permanent sense of self-worth and pride. The selection of your skin art is as important as the selection of the artist that applies it and of the care that will later be needed to keep it beautiful. One should always be sure that the design is something that you have a love or passion for, whether you decide on flash (ready made artwork that is usually found on the salon walls or in their portfolios) or have an original design, the art you have applied will be with you always and like it or not the artwork you pick will determine the way some people view you. The traditional way to have a tattoo is of course with needles and ink. There is nothing like the pure and natural adrenaline rush that occurs when you sit in the tattoo artists chair and listen while the high pitched hum of some 1,800 pricks per minute machine makes its mark upon your body. One of the most commonly asked questions is does it hurt? This question has been answered by tattoo artist and salon owner Eric Reine, when he replied yes of course it hurts; however please remember that there are several deciding factors on exactly how much pain youll be in. Among these factors are, where the artwork is located, how big the design is, and how high your tolerance for pain is. All of these are determining factors of how bad the pain will be. Large pieces on your back will hurt a lot more than Insert a quarter size tattoo on your arm. Generally speaking any piece done on the ankle Insert , wrist or fingers will hurt more than one done on a fleshy part of the body simply because of the lack of padding, but please dont let this be the deciding factor in where should I put my tattoo if your ankle is where you want your dolphins or band, then grit your teeth and go for it otherwise you will never be happy with your choice, and removal is both costly and painful. The choices for your skin art are limited only by your imagination, available skin, and your wallet, so think long and hard before jumping in. Recently another method of skin art has made its way the Atlantic and is becoming popular. It is Mehndi:, the ancient art of henna tattooing. In her article Body of Art Maya Brown reports that according to Rabi R. Dabit, founder of the first henna salon in the US. Mehndi is believed to have originated in Egypt more than 7,000 years ago. In fact in a recent article answers published in Essence magazine the writer explains the process is more detail. They report that the tattoo like designs are achieved by painting the skin with a henna paste. Traditionally the designs are placed on the hands, wrists, arms. It is also popular on brides to be, and on other religious and/or special ceremonies(38). One of the primary reasons Mehndi is becoming more popular in the US is because the designs will last one to six weeks depending on the location , size, and the type of henna used, for example the designs put on the arms or stomachs will last longer than the ones on the hands simply because hands are washed more often. The cost depends on the area in which you live, and the different salon owners. If you choose to go the traditional route and get a needle and ink tattoo in addition to design and location, you have to find an artist and shop. There are shops opening up almost everywhere it seems and while most are careful about using disposable needles, sterilizing equipment, and handling the ink properly not all are, so be informed ask a lot of questions before sitting in the chair. A reputable artist will always use disposable latex gloves, normally he will not stop a design once he has started, unless it is a large design or unless you ask him to. In her article So you are thinking about getting a tattoo or body piercing Barbara Freyenberger a RN and MSN student also suggest t visit several shops and artist, check out the lighting, if they are clean, do they require consent forms to be filled out, etc. Most important is do you feel comfortable? If not walk out and try somewhere else, usually your first reaction to a place is the best judgment you can have. One of the reasons for doing your homework when checking out a tattoo artist and/or shop is so important is because there is little or no government regulation or requirements. In fact with the exception of a business license, most states or cities do not require an artist to even have a license. Recently however there have been several bills passed in the senate that will change this. One such bill was passed back in 1996 when the Michigan State Senate voted 37-1 that customers under the age of 18 have a parent or guardian along to sign a consent form before getting a tattoo. If they didnt comply then salon owners would face a stiff fine and possible jail time for violations(Detroit News). Other states have passed bills like Dingells Law, under this bill salon owners would be fined a maximum of $1,000.00 and parents could sue for damages if parental consent was not issued(Tattoo1) More recently Assemblywoman Marion Crecco has introduced two new bills to legislature aimed at regulating the tattoo business. Both are long overdue and for the most part reputable salon owners agree with and welcome the change. The first bill will force the salon owners to obtain a license, the second will require the shop personnel to check Ids and if the client is under 18 he/she will need written parental consent.(Needleman 1). Many shop owners such as Butch Coner agree with the work that the legislation is doing. He believes you cant be too educated in this field that includes the safest, most sterile equipment and procedures in addition to checking identification and having parental consent. What would the results be if the licensing legislation is enacted? Sara Needleman reports that a five member Tattooing and Body Piercing Advisory Committee would be established in the Division of consumer affairs in the department of Public Law and Safety. The committee would be under the jurisdiction of the State Board of Medical Examiners. Applicant for licenses would have to be 18 years of age, of good moral character, and have obtained a high school diploma, Plus, each applicant would have to complete a tattoo or body-piercing education program and pass an examination administered or approved by the board of medical examiners. The licensing bill has been referred to the Assembly Appropriations Committee, while the bill requiring underage children to have parental consent has passed the Consumer Affairs and Regulated Committee and is awaiting a vote in full assembly. Congress, parents, and shop owners want the proposed regulations not just to control underage tattooing but also because tattooing can cause serious health risks if proper precautions are not taken. Some problems include infections, hepatitis and more recently a burning sensation during an MRI. Pam Moore reports in a recent healthbeat show entitled MRIs Tattoos that very rarely patients complain of a burning sensation the area of the tattoo. DR Jermon Barkas who heads the California Pacific Medical Centers MRI imaging center explains that the problem is caused by the metal that is contained is some red tattoo dyes, so that Theoretically there is a risk that the metal in the tattoo could heat up in the MRI machine. However he further explains that it is very rare for a patient to have a problem like this and there is no reason to avoid having an MRI if it is needed. Okay, you have picked out the tattoo design, figured out an artist and shop to make your dream come trueNow how do you care for it? Most shops will give you an oral directions and a card something like the one here. Insert But if not , an internet source Tattoo Revolution suggests: Of all these directions Do not pick scabs is the most important because when you pick the scab off it results in scarring, loss of color and it increases the risk of infection. Another FAQ is What if I change my mind, and I dont like my tattoo? For this problem there are only three solutions. The first is the easiest and cheapest: Swallow hard and live with it. The second solution is a cover-up. This will require a talented artist, a little pain, and some imagination, and a fair amount of expense. This method works best for small pieces and is best left between the artist and yourself. Finally there is tattoo removal. This is without a doubt the most expensive way to have a tattoo removed. One internet source finds that since there are several methods to remove a tattoo today, you physician will choose one depending on several factors, such as the size of the tattoo, location, and the amount of time you had your artwork. It continues with the following explanations and graphics. The most popular way of removing a small tattoo is by Excision, this procedure involves numbing the area and surgically removing the tattoo, the edges are stitched back together and off you go with minimal bleeding and discomfort. Insert Dermabrasion is another method. This requires the physician to spray the tattoo with a solution that will freeze the area. Then the physician causes the skin to peel by rubbing it with a sandpaper-like material. A dressing is then applied. Insert Perhaps the oldest method available is Salabrasion. This century old procedure is similar to dermabrasion in that the sandpaper-like material is used however in this method after the area is numbed a salt water solution is applied before the sanding occurs. With new technological breakthroughs happening almost daily, Lasers have quickly become the newest and easiest form of tattoo removable available. Insert Three such techniques have been introduced recently, while not cheap they will erase that tattoo and with minimal scarring. Selective Phototherolysis is recommended for small easy to remove tattoos. This method uses lasers to destroy only the inked skin cells so it has little scarring. This process has been further improved with the introduction of High Lesion according to the director of The Laser and Skin Surgery of New York, New York Citys Roy Geronemus, MD in an article written by Linda Benson for Dermatology Times. The Vetrapulse CO2 laser is designed to remove the super thin layers of skin (again with little scarring) this method may need to be combined with selective lasers to remove all of the inked cells. Another laser used for tattoo removal is the Pohotoderm PL Laser while this method will get all the pigment out at once the results are not as consistent according to dermatologist Steven B. Snyder, MD (Geracil). A tattoo is a very personal thing. One that for most requires a lot of thought and planning. This combined with the proper artist, care, and legislation will make you vision come true. If not there is always the alternative of removal so, Tattoo or Not to Tattoo the decision is yours.

20 Microbiology Dissertation Topics

20 Microbiology Dissertation Topics Previously, we discussed 10 facts for dissertation on microbiology in our first guide on this topic. We’re confident that these facts must have allowed you to grasp some credible information on microbiology, on which you can start writing immediately. To make things easier, we have included two more guides for you. In this second guide you’re going to get acquainted with 20 microbiology dissertation topics relevant to microbiology. This will help you in writing your thesis as you will not have to scratch your head searching for ideas. Many students just don’t know where to start, which is why these topics can come in handy. Furthermore, we have also included a short sample dissertation essay. This sample essay would allow you to know how a dissertation is structured. We have also stated some references to help you find more information on a specific topic if you decide to choose it for your dissertation. After you’re done reading this guide, we highly recommend you to read the last guide, how to write a good dissertation on microbiology, which would definitely help you compose a stellar dissertation paper. Without further ado let’s pay attention to our topics: A Microbiological Analysis of Shea Butter Sold in Washington, US A Dissertation Paper on Tapeworms and The Dangers Associated With Them A Microbiological Characterization of Ebola Virus The Spreading of Influenza in World War II and its Effects on the War Cellular Microbiology: The Use of Restriction-Modification (R-M) The Clinical Outcomes of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections Applied Microbiology: How Microorganisms can Generate BioFuels The Aetiological Agent of Johnes Disease: Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis aka MAP – The Most Important Bacterial Pathogen in Ruminants How the Study of Microorganisms Has Prevented Life-Threatening Diseases The Important Role of Microbiology in Pharmaceutical and Food Industries The Invention of Microscope and the Impact on How we Know Microbiology A Dissertation Paper on the Fermentation of Starch and The Activities and Specificities of Enzymes in it A Study on Microorganisms Found in Onions The Correlation of Malaria and Some Species of Plasmodium (a Microorganism) A Study in Microbiology: The Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) A Study on Bacterias that can Withstand One of the Most Powerful Antimicrobial (Antibiotics) without Hassle A Microbiological Study on the Effects of Obesity on Patients with High Blood Pressure A Microbiological Study on How Yogurts are Commercially Prepared in New York A Dissertation Paper on Wetland Bacteria, its Properties, and its Functionalities A Thorough Research and Study on Cyanophycin: a Bacterial Polymer There you have it! These topics surely have opened up your mind towards writing your dissertation paper. To make things even easier, we have chosen one of the topics mentioned above, to provide you with a short dissertation sample essay, so you can have quite a good idea on how it’s structured: Sample Essay on the Invention of Microscopes around 1590 that Opened a Whole New World of Microorganisms For over a millennia, humans could see nothing smaller than the thickness of their hair, until around the 1590, when the microscope was invented. Through this pioneer instrument, humans were able to see previously hidden world of microorganisms – living in foods we eat, water we drink and even the air we breath in. But there is a problem in the history itself; Nobody knows for sure who invented the microscope, but there are three geniuses, who are mentioned as the inventors of this incredible instrument: Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen. These two brilliant inventors are known to have worked as a father-son team. However, there is a third name as well. Many historians claim the inventor to be the famous Hans Lippershey, known for filing the first patent for a telescope. Coincidently, the Janssens were living in the same town where Lippershey was living in. However, the letters of Dutch Diplomat William Borrell, initially sent to the physician of French King, stated that Zacharias Janssen talked about the microscope. But it was only talking, and the invention was really seen years after. At the time of the letter, which was in the early 1590s, Zacharias was also a teenager, so the historians argue about that too. Nevertheless, whoever invented this instrument, did a marvelous job. The first microscope was a significant milestone, but it needed improvements that were obtained thanks to the names like Galileo, Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll. However, the correct time when microscopes evolved was in the beginning of the 21st century when Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll invented the electron microscope, which is now used worldwide. This particular lens could resolve objects that were smaller than the wavelength of visible light, which had become the barrier of previous microscopes. The electron microscope has revolutionized the study of micro-organisms. Today, a variety of microscopes can be found in labs, including but not limited to: reflecting microscopes, ultraviolet microscopes, confocal microscopes, phase contrast microscopes, and even some modern microscopes that can show a single atom. In simple words, the invention of microscopes didn’t only give rise to the study of microorganisms, which we call microbiology, but it also revolutionized other aspects of science and had helped scientists in researching and developing their theories. Due to the invention of microscope, microbiologists can now figure out which bacterias are actually needed for human survival and which are not. Through the use of a microscope, microbiologists can also understand how pathogens (the harmful bacteria) work, and how this form of bacteria can be safely exterminated. Due to this innovation, we are creating new milestones in the world of medicine and have eradicated several diseases from the face of this earth. We are also working on cures for cancer and HIV due to these technological advancements. Great! Now you have the topics, as well as a sample essay to give you a head start in composing your dissertation paper. Let’s head on to our final guide to get to know how a dissertation is actually written and structured. References: Mouton, J. M., Helaine, S., Holden, D. W., Sampson, S. L. (2016). Elucidating population-wide mycobacterial replication dynamics at the single-cell level. Microbiology. Drancourt, M., Michel-Lepage, A., Boyer, S., Raoult, D. (2016). The Point-of-Care Laboratory in Clinical Microbiology. Clinical microbiology reviews, 29(3), 429-447. Nunes-Alves, C. (2016). Applied microbiology: Shining a light on biofuels. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(2), 63-63. Attar, N. (2016). Cellular microbiology: Damage limitation after friendly fire. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(3), 130-130. Rathnaiah, G., Bannantine, J. P., Bayles, D. O., Zinniel, D. K., Stabel, J. R., Grà ¶hn, Y. T., Barletta, R. G. (2016). Analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutant libraries reveals loci-dependent transposition biases and strategies for novel mutant discovery. Microbiology, 162(4), 633-641. Forchhammer, K., Watzer, B. (2016). Microbiology Comment. Microbiology, 162(5), 727-729.

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Risk Management - Essay Example 1. Strategic CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is significant in forming economic sustainability for all companies. 2. Applying the impact of CSR and MO (Marketing Orientation) in commercial and noncommercial settings. 3. The successful incorporation of the irrelevant facilitating impact of CSR on the association between MO and company performance. 4. The results of content analyses of 242 Malaysian publicly traded firms for financial years 2006, 2007, and 2008. 5. The evidence is dedicated and region limited, thereby making it debatable in companies in foreign economies and markets. 6. Companies in a setting defined by focused ownership arrangements where the firms might be less market-oriented also find CSR substantial. 7. The evidence does support the deductions made. 8. No clear assumptions are made in the passage. Cosset, J & Suret, J 1995, ‘Political risk and the benefits of international portfolio diversification,’ Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 301.

The Learning Curves Theory Review of the Pizza Store Layout Simulation Essay

The Learning Curves Theory Review of the Pizza Store Layout Simulation - Essay Example The first assumption evaluates the time that a business requires to complete routine tasks (Anderson & Parker, 2002). They further explain that the second assumption measures the degree of improvement that reduces when volume is increased. Lastly, the learning curve theory estimates the rate of predictable improvement in an organization over a set period. Mario Pizziera’s management team increases the number of tables in tables of four and two to 10 and 8 respectively. The team also increases the waiting staff to a total of six employees who serve customers and three kitchen staff to prepare Mario’s tasty pizzas. The overall output of these changes in the restaurant increase table utilization by 93.85 % in the tables that four customers occupy. Previously, table utilization was 99.56% on tables that a batch of four customers occupied in the restaurant. The total number of customers that balk in tables of four is 37. Mario’s restaurant tables are distributed and i ncreased to ten and eight in tables of four and two respectively to increase productivity and profits. The tables that four customers occupy in the restaurant upsurges to 107 groups of customers but 17 groups walk out without receiving Mario’s service and pizzas. Tables that host a batch of two customers increase in utilization by 88%. The number of groups in tables that two customers occupy increases to 69, but 2 groups balk. The time that customers wait for services and food are 5.63 minutes and a queue length of 2.46 minutes. The profits during this organizational change amount to $1,308 but lost sales are worth $540. Mario wants more profits and sales, which prompts for an adjustment in the pizza layout simulation process. ... Mario Pizziera has only two manual ovens that function well. The processing time for pizza increases to 15 minutes while the time that time that waiting staff utilize in serving customers increases to 13 minutes from 8 minutes. Mario’s management team improvises a new menu order that is automatic. They also purchase two new Plax ovens that process faster than the manual ovens. Two Plax ovens increase the number of groups of customers that occupy tables for two by 68 groups, but 2 groups balk without Mario’s pizza. Tables that host groups of four customers increase by 108 groups, but 10 groups walk out without pizza. The tables that host a batch of four customers per table has a decrease in utility by 80.40%. However, the waiting time for customers decreases to 3.96 minutes and 2.44 minutes for queue length. Mario’s waiting staff utility level increases by 90.83% but the kitchen staff experiences under utility by 68%. The new Plax ovens need less of the staff effo rts in preparing pizza. Mario Pizziera’s profits increase to $1,665 and lost sales decrease to $330. Mario implements a promotional strategy that will market the pizza restaurant to potential customers and increase demand. He creates a take-out counter and cream puffs as new products and services in the restaurant. Tables that host a batch of two customers in each table hold 98 groups but 9 groups walk out without Mario’s pizza. The eight tables that host two customers in a meal have 79.86% utility. Tables that host a batch of four customers accommodate for 141 groups, but 19 groups balk. The utilization of table four in the restaurant is 79.84%. The take-out counter does not have any customers. Mario’s wait staff increase utility

Biology Unit 5 DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology Unit 5 DB - Essay Example The leaves grow from a basal rosette, and a ‘keel’ provided the required structural reinforcement to each pitcher so the the opening is always upright. Foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to the cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. The sides of the pitcher are slippery and may be grooved in such a way so as to ensure that the insects cannot climb out. The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called phytotelmata. They drown the insect, and the body of it is gradually dissolved. This may occur by bacterial action (the bacteria being washed into the pitcher by rainfall) or by enzymes secreted by the plant itself. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant absorbs (Wikipedia). During digestion, trapped prey are converted into a solution of amino acids, peptides, phosphates, ammonium and urea. The plant obtains its mineral nutrition, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from this solution. Common habitats of the pitcher plant are bogs, savannas and flat woods. The wettest parts of the bogs are favored, often restricting the species to the edge of the bogs. Pitcher plants form dense floating mats on the water on the edge of bog ponds or lakes and acidic streams. The carnivorous form of nutrition of the plant is an adaptation to the poor mineral content or acidic nature of the soil in which it grows. The soil in which it grows is usually deficient in trace elements such as molybdenum. Such soils are usually highly acidic and unsuitable for many other plants. The modified leaves of the pitcher plant help it to catch preys that comprise not only insects but also isopods, mites, spiders and the occasional frogs. What the plant does not get from the soil it grows in, it obtains from the living prey it catches

Strategies for Password Cracking

Strategies for Password Cracking Abdulmalik Nasser The aim of my project is to give ICT students an idea of the mechanism of cracking password using an using John the ripper. I will also explain the process that the application does to crack a password. Moreover,I will talk about password complexity. how does the complexity increase the cracking time? are there intractable passwords? why? encryptions . Finally , I will explain different types of cracking like brute force, dictionary attack etc. Password cracking is one of the oldest hacking arts. Every system must store passwords somewhere in order to authenticate users. However, in order to protect these passwords from being stolen, they are encrypted. Password cracking is the art of decrypting the passwords in order to recover them. Passwords are the most common means of authentication. Passwords are protected by using one-way cryptographic algorithms that produce a hash of set length. Cryptography can only protect something to the point where the only feasible attack on the encrypted secret is to try and guess it. However, in the case of passwords guessing is easy. Passwords are insecure by nature because they are used for preventing humans from guessing a small secret created by humans. To understand how to get a good understanding about password, we have to understand how they are stored in a system. To store a password in a text form is strongly unacceptable. The same thing when storing the passwords deep in tree of directories that would result in Security through Obscurity and this is also unacceptable. Unix management file system gives an acceptable solution: one of the main distributions of Multicast (the precursor to Unix) stored the file of password in a clear text, but it can be seen by a super user only. This was a improper solution. Also caused a bug to which switching some temporary file and showed the password in text being printed for all the clients when they login. Unix instead of doing that, saves the passwords that were hashed in the password file and not the actual passwords. After that, as the user puts his password , the system has the ability to simply compare the hash of the user password input and it will be compared with the stored hash value [1]. Â   Â   3.1 What a complex password should include. Figure 1 what password combination should include. A strong password should include what is listed in Fig1 in order to be complex password. so, what complex password means that password that include :Upper lower case letters, symbols and numbers getting that password is an extreme power consumption and time wasting for any password cracker [2]. 3.2 Common passwords Figure 2 : the most common passwords According to a study that was accomplished by David Bisson in 2014 . The result shows the most common passwords that are used on the Internet which any cracker would definitely add to his word list. These are typical example of an obvious passwords and easy to crack unfortunately. Easy passwords like what is shown above is very easy to guess it would not even use processor of the cracker it will be in his word list, because these passwords are the most common passwords at all time. So, any password cracker would definitely start cracking the password with guessing such passwords [3]. Figure 3: TOP 100 password hints by category [4] Fig3 shows the result of a study that was done by Troyhunt shows how people choose their password. Guessing a password from the E-mail address: Figure 4: Passwords derived from the email address [4] Figure 5: Number of Password combinations alphanumeric Password [5] The table above shows number of possibilities based on the password length so, any digit of the password is considered as process loop. Each digit can have 64^ the number of digits. Imagine having 13 characters that 64 raised to the power of 13 its an extremely big number of combination that the cracker has to try. Its extreme based on the source of the cracker processor and its also based on time. 3.3 Password complexity and Time Complex password is extremely important for securing your data and information. Most of the people think their password is being hacked or sniffed but the main reason for their password was not complex so, the depending on the assigned password the time will be proportional for example, three digit numeral or alphabet password ahc, 897, or even abc432 would take less than a second for cracking. However,[emailprotected] would take almost a month to be cracked, because the cracking cycle will go checking numbers,alphabet,and symbols and that is why complex password is strongly required [6]. The quicker your PC can hash passwords, the more you can crack in a given certain of time, and that results in a better chance of having of cracked passwords. We used John The Ripper because it is an open source cracking tool which is available on almost all Linux distros. However, it is not usually the best choice. John runs depending upon the CPU, but password hashing can be launched really efficiently depending upon graphics cards. Hashcat is password cracking tool that can run on graphics cards, and on the right hardware can do much better than John. Password cracking computers most of the time have number high-performance GPUs and depend on these for their rapidity . You might not find Hashcat in your distros repositories, but its downloadable on www.hashcat. net (itsfree as in zero cost, but not free as in free software) [7]. 5.1 Cracking tools and applications 5.1.1 Aircrack-ng its a free network hacking tool which include packet sniffer,detector, and various of encryption types cracker. Moreover, it includes Analysis tool that works with WLAN. In addition, this tool can sniff and monitor packets which travels from one person to another. This tool can run in a verity of platforms eg, FreeBSD, OSX, Wubdows, OpenBSD and Linux. Maemo, Zaurus and Android platforms 5.1.2 Crow bar This tool is exclusive on Linux operating systems. It is a free tool that runs a type of password cracking technique called Brute Force. It doesnt save a list of passwords, but try every possible combination of a password. this tool is supporting remote Desktop Protocol with NLA, VNC key authentication, open VPN and SSH private key authentication. 5.1.3 L0phtCrack This is a recovery password auditing app designed by Mudge. It was written to crack windows encrypted passwords. Moreover, it can crack from Primary domain controllers, and network servers or Active Directory. It also allows the user to sniff a password off the wire. This tool can go further and create many methods for guessing a password. It can work only on Microsoft Windows OS. 5.1.4 Medusa It a tool that is designed to be a strong, fast login using brute force. The purpose of this tool is to work with a lot of services remotely at the same time. That means this tool can not only brut force only one host but multiple hosts and passwords at a time. The targeted information can be registered in different methods. So each entry can be single information or file with many entries.Each mod file is for separate mod file . Meaning , this is needed for brute forcing. It is a free tool and Medusa works on Linux and MAC OS X operating systems. 5.1.5 Ophcrack This is a rainbow table that discovers passwords and crack a complex passwords. Moreover, it can crack simple passwords within minutes.In order to get the great advantage of this tool the user has to buy what is so-called rainbow tables to crack complex passwords.This tool is free runs on Linux,Microsoft Windows and MAC operating system. 5.1.6 RainBow Crack This tool is free and runs on Linux,Microsoft Windows, and MAC OS. It is specialized in hash cracking . It is a common brute force cracking tool that tries every combination of plaintext and that results in time consuming for complex passwords. It does not only crack passwords only but store the result in a library called(Rainbow tables).The brute force process takes extremely long time to be done but when using precompute tables it is one of the fastest cracking tool. 5.1.7 SolarWinds This tool works on Windows only .It is also known as FireWall Security Manager. It is the best solution for any company that needs reports and advanced management on their sensitive devices. It can be configured to allow multiple clients to be deployed at Multiple system administrators at once. It also features network discovery router password decryption , SNMP brute force cracker and TCP connection reset application. 5.1.8 THC hydra This tool is free and works on all the operating systems except MAC. This tool allows the user to remotely break into a system and crack a password using different protocols. It crack using fifty protocols. it can crack a network login. it crack the password using the dictionary or brute force attacks. It also features login brute force attack. 5.1.9 Wfuzz This is a free tool that works on Linux Windows and Mac Os. it features the following :multiple injection points capability, recrusion when doing dictionary brute force, Post headers and authentication data brute force, out put to HTML, Proxy and SOCK support. It is usually used to brute force web applications and to find user name and password [8] [9]. 6.1 Overview John the ripper is the best cracking tool ever. John the ripper comes with two versions the popular version is free and there is a pro version which is commercial version. It runs on many platforms like DOS, Unix, BeOS, Win32 and OpenVMS. It is similar to THChydra but the main difference is that Hydra is Online password cracker whereas John the ripper is offline password cracker. It is usually used by hacktivists for penetrating passwords. John the Ripper is a fast password cracker. Period. In fact, you can consider John The Ripper as the definitive password hacking tool. Johnny is a graphical interface that can replace John the ripper to simplify the cracking process instead of using the command line interface. it comes by default with kali Linux. 6.2 John the ripper features Decrypt most guessing hashes using wordlist dictionaries. Ability to specify guessing with certain letters and symbols assigned by the user without using the dictionary. Ability to decrypt more than hash at once. Automatically detect the type of the hash. Rapidly crack passwords. ability to continue guessing process that has started earlier from another device [10] [11]. 6.3 How does John the ripper work? John the ripper cracks the password in four main Modes: 6.3.1 WordList Mode Its the simplest technique that mainly allows the user to assign what is so-called word lists which is a text file includes a password in each line and some password files. Also features the ability of generating other likely password files. 6.3.2 Single Crack Mode this is the mode a user should start cracking with. It assigns the login names. Moreover, it uses GECOS which contain personal information about the user, user home dictionary, also several of rules applied. It also have got the ability to crack other password hashes if guessing is success, it would try the same password for all the hashes because more likely there will be another user with the same password. Usually the administrator should have an access to the a file which contains the users information and passwords. Finally, single mode is much faster because it cracks single password at a time. The user can also use this mode in two different files at the same time [12]. 6.3.3 External Mode To define an external cracking mode you need to create a configuration file section called [List.External:MODE], where MODE is any name that you assign to the mode. The section should contain some functions programmed in a C-like language. John will compile and use the functions if you enable this cracking mode via the command line 6.3.4 Incremental Mode. This is the most effective and powerful cracking mode. It assigns every possible combination of characters for cracking passwords . but it still have a disadvantage which is the cracking process will keep running and will never stop because the tried combination password characters are too large. there for, crackers usually limit the character combinations to lower case so, it doesnt take as much time as if its not set. It uses what is so-calledtrigraph process for example: (aa, ab,ac,etc,), (ba,bc,bd,be,baa,bba etc,) it would not miss any password combination every combination will be tried. Its main advantage is to crack a password in a limited time [11] [10]. 7.1 Brute force attack This technique of password attack That is not actually decrypt any data, but also continue trying a list of password combination eg, words, letters .A simple brute force could be dictionary of all words commn passwords. doing trying cycle until it gets the access to an account. the complex example of brute force is trying every possible combinations of numbers, letters and symbols. However, this technique is the has to be the last option for any cracker because it can take long and the bigger number of encryption (64-32-265)bit the longer time it will take for cracking. 7.2 Dictionary attack This type of password where the cracker can assume the password consisting of string of words, Years, or special number that is chosen from the dictionary. This tool has to be included with what is so-called dictionary input list. The cracker can download a big database including specific vocabularies for example, Sports, movies, and so on. 7.3 Password sniffing This technique called sniff because the the crackers have the ability to sniff the authentication packets that are travelling from the client to the server among the Internet or the local area network. This technique can provide the cracker with hashes or other authentication data necessary for cracking process. There are verity of sniffers tools such as Wireshark,ScoopLM,KerbCrack. The NTLNv2 authentication traffic cannot be sniffed neither by ScoopLM nor Kerbcrack. 7.4 Password capturing Alot of crackers get passwords easily by launching a keyboard sniffing Trojan horse or buying a physical keyboard logging device.According to many reports 82% of the most widely used viruses steal critical data.Most of them sniff passwords. Less than a $100 anyone can get key logging device which is very small and can simply fit between the keyboard and the computers keyboard port. Its also extremely easy to sniff password even from wireless keyboards [13]. To conclude, First, There are verity of applications and tools that you could crack any password. Second, protecting your password requires using strong password. Moreover, there is nothing called uncrackable password its just a matter of time and resources. Finally, the only thing you can do is using strong password and keep changing your password from time to time. [1]M. Tokutomi and S. Martin, Password Cracking. [2]Chit Ko Ko Win, Password management for you, 08:57:17 UTC. [3]D. Bisson, Cracked Ashley Madison passwords consistent with years of poor security, Graham Cluley, 16-Sep-2015. . [4]The science of password selection, Troy Hunt, 17-Jul-2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.troyhunt.com/science-of-password-selection/. [Accessed: 16-Feb-2017]. [5]jsheehan2014, Choosing a Password: Needle in a Haystack, MACED Tech Resource, 15-May-2015. . [6]How Long Would it Take to Crack Your Password? Find Out! Randomize, Random ize. [Online]. Available: http://random-ize.com/how-long-to-hack-pass/. [Accessed: 15-Feb-2017]. [7]B. Evard, JOHN THE RIPPER, linuxvoice, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.linuxvoice.com/issues/008/john.pdf. [Accessed: 13-Feb-2017]. [8]Wfuzz, Concise Courses. . [9]10 Most Popular Password Cracking Tools, InfoSec Resources, 27-Dec-2016. [Online]. Available: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/10-popular-password-cracking-tools/. [Accessed: 27-Feb-2017]. [10]ports, John the Ripper, 18-Feb-2014. [Online]. Available: http://tools.kali.org/password-attacks/john. [Accessed: 19-Feb-2017]. [11]John the Ripper cracking modes, openwall. [Online]. Available: http://www.openwall.com/john/doc/MODES.shtml. [Accessed: 20-Feb-2017]. [12]passwords What exactly is single mode in John the Ripper doing?, Information Security Stack Exchange, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/37072/what-exactly-is-single-mode-in-john-the-ripper-doing. [Accessed: 20-Feb-2017]. [13]Types of Password Attacks, windowsitpro, 30-Jan-2006. [Online]. Available: http://windowsitpro.com/security/types-password-attacks. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2017].

King Lear is a Christian Play About a Pagan World Essay examples -- Wi

King Lear is a Christian Play About a Pagan World It is evident that King Lear contains references to both the Christian and Pagan doctrine. However, they seem to be expressed in entirely different styles. King Lear is purposefully set in a pre Christian era with numerous references to classical Gods but conversely there appears to be a striking resonance of Christian theology throughout the play. These echoes appear in various forms including the idea of Edgar being a Christ-like figure and also the presence of a supposed divine justice. Therefore there is truth in the view that although King Lear has a pagan setting, its significance is ultimately relating to Christianity. Perhaps the most obvious way in which Shakespeare creates the pagan setting is through the specific mentions of non-Christian gods. When looking at the first scene it is apparent Shakespeare has deliberately seasoned it with pagan references, an example being Lear's response to Cordelia's unwillingness to speak, 'by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hecate and the night'. Shortly after this, Lear's rage is aimed at Kent for his defence of the king's supposedly wicked daughter, when he swears, 'by Apollo' and 'by Jupiter'. Another instance that shows Lear appealing to deities rather than the Christian belief of a singular being occurs during his exposure to the storm on the heath, 'Let the great Gods, That keep this dreadful pudder o'er our heads, Find out their enemies now.' All these quotes therefore demonstrate that King Lear is deliberately set in a pre-Christian era. However, this is not conclusive evidence that... ...ester's attempted suicide and the implication of Kent's without arousing shock and disapproval from the paying audience, as it was believed that such behaviour prevailed in this 'unnatural' era. In conclusion, the view that King Lear is 'a Christian play about a pagan world' is entirely plausible. The characters openly speak to and appeal to non-Christian gods and they doubt divine justice, suggesting that, 'They kill us for their sport.' This therefore creates a pagan setting for the play. However, there are definite Christian ideas running throughout the play which manifest themselves mainly in Edgar and Lear. Therefore, there is an inclination to agree with J C Maxwell, as despite the setting of the King Lear being Christian, its morals and concepts of atonement and redemption, lean towards Christian theology.